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The Purest EPA-DHA Fish Oil in the World

by William Faloon

There are lots of reasons to dislike pharmaceutical companies these days. One problem that irks me is that they chronically raise prices—without improving quality—on what are often only mediocre drugs.


Contrast this to the dietary supplement industry, which innovates so quickly that Life Extension is able to use these technologies to significantly improve popular formulas, usually at no additional charge.

The difference is that pharmaceutical companies function as government-protected quasi-monopolies, whereas the supplement industry competes in an open free market.

Unless you are a proponent of the economic dictates of Vladimir Putin or Hugo Chavez, you understand that consumers benefit in a free market economy as opposed to one controlled by a central government.

For many years, Life Extension members were provided with omega-3 fish oil of extraordinary stability and purity. Not content with these lofty standards, a new fish oil has just come to market that provides consumers with an even better omega-3 blend at no additional charge!

Omega-3 fatty acids from cold-water fish have received an enormous amount of favorable publicity. One reason is that there have been more scientific studies to document fish oil’s multiple health benefits than perhaps any other nutrient.

Fish oil is available in a wide range of purities and potencies. Life Extension’s previous Super Omega-3 met such exacting standards that it achieved the highest rating awarded by a respected independent organization called the International Fish Oil Society.

Based on the availability of high-quality fish oil, you might wonder why a company would go to the effort of patenting a process to make an even purer EPA-DHA extract. The answer is free market competitive pressure. Since several high-quality fish oil producers control most of the supplement arena, one company felt it had to make an even better fish oil if it were to keep its leading position in the marketplace.

The new gold standard fish oil extract

When evaluating the safety and potency of fish oil, the following three areas are analyzed:

  1. Stability: Fish oil can easily turn rancid, so a measurement of oxidative byproducts is a critical step to ensure that the omega-3 fatty acids you ingest are fresh.
  2. Purity: Cold-water ocean fish are rich in EPA/DHA, but are often contaminated with pollutants like PCBs, mercury, and arsenic. The fish oil you swallow should go through the purification processes needed to reduce contaminant levels to safe ranges.
  3. EPA-DHA consistency: The primary active ingredients in fish are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Assaying fish oil to make sure it meets label claims is important to ensuring you are ingesting the desired amounts of EPA/DHA.

In order to protect consumers against unsafe and ineffective products, the Council for Responsible Nutrition has proposed strict guidelines for fish oil products. The good news is that this new fish oil extract exceeds even these proposed upgraded pharmaceutical standards.

This new fish oil extract is produced using a patented extraction and purification process to increase stability, remove virtually all contaminants, and protect against oxidation and peroxidation of the delicate omega-3 fatty acids. This new fish oil meets such high standards that it is approved in the European Union for use as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

How this new fish oil is made

To obtain a fish oil this pure and stable, a patented method was developed to purify the oil with an intense two-step distillation process. By purifying the oil before the intense distillation process, the result is a cleaner oil that has shorter heat exposure and prevents thermal (heat) degradation of the EPA/DHA.

These patented Pure+™ distillation processes remove other impurities that lead to reflux, burping, and regurgitation in some people. This new fish oil extract also smells better by virtue of these processes. This improved fish oil extract may even be tolerable to people with very sensitive stomachs.

The laboratory making this new fish oil extract was the first facility in the world approved to make pharmaceutical fish oil drugs.

No price increase!

When we were first approached with this improved fish oil extraction technology, the first thing we said is “no higher prices.” Consumers today are already taking a lot of supplements and most cannot afford higher prices for staples such as fish oil.

The good news is that despite the costly processes involved in making this new fish oil extract, the price of our Super Omega-3 remains the same!

Life Extension members thus gain access to a superior fish oil extract at no additional cost.

Does the improved purity really matter?

The fish oil used previously in Super Omega-3 always tested out below the allowable limits for pollutants and received the coveted 5-star rating from the International Fish Oil Society. So does removing even more contaminants really matter?

The answer is that no one knows for sure. What we do recognize is that mercury is toxic to cells throughout the body and that PCBs are potent carcinogens. It makes common sense to want to ingest fewer pollutants. A recent study from Cornell University estimated that one-third of worldwide deaths are caused by pollution.1

Our view of standards set for acceptable levels of pollutants is that they are based on typical life spans. Since Foundation members expect to greatly exceed “average” longevities, reducing one’s exposure to pollutants would appear desirable. It is also important to point out that pollutants are ubiquitous in our environment, and the best we can ever do is reduce our exposure levels. (Cruciferous vegetables and/or supplements like indole-3-carbinol and chlorophyllin help protect our cells against environmental pollutants.)

Two Paths That GLA Can Follow In The Body

Chart 1: This chart shows that GLA can follow a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory pathway in the body. Sesame lignans suppress the enzyme (delta-5 desaturase) that converts DGLA into arachidonic acid. By blocking the undesirable enzyme (delta-5 desaturase), more DGLA is available for conversion into beneficial prostaglandin E1.5-10

What makes Super Omega-3 the best fish oil supplement?

Consumers have access to a wide range of omega-3 supplements. The overwhelming preponderance of evidence indicates that obtaining EPA and DHA directly from fish oil is the most effective way of benefiting from these essential fatty acids.

Life Extension’s Super Omega-3 is the only fish concentrate that provides a full spectrum blend of fatty acids and synergistic nutrients to provide optimal effects in the body.

Three years ago, Life Extension uncovered research showing that the addition of sesame lignans to fish oil enhances its beneficial effects.2 When fats are consumed, they are broken down into compounds that either promote or suppress inflammatory reactions. Specialized enzymes in the body determine which inflammatory pathway fats will follow.

Sesame lignans inhibit an enzyme (delta-5 desaturase) that causes DGLA (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid) to be converted into arachidonic acid, a precursor to the toxic inflammatory factors prostaglandin E2 and the leukotrienes.3

Sesame lignans also increase levels of DGLA (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid), the precursor to prostaglandin E1. Prostaglandin E1 has demonstrated health benefits including blood vessel relaxation and suppression of inflammation.4 (Chart 1 shows how sesame can influence delta-5 desaturase, and the subsequent path down which dietary fats cascade.)

GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) is a dietary fat that can increase levels of DGLA and beneficial prostaglandin E1 in the body. When sesame lignans are combined with fish oil, DGLA levels rise dramatically and the anti-inflammatory benefit of the fish oil greatly improves.

For consumers, this means that taking fish oil with sesame lignans may provide comparable benefits to fish and borage oil (GLA) supplements. Super Omega-3 contains a standardized sesame lignan extract to provide users with these synergistic benefits shown in scientific studies.

Extending the stability of fish oil in the body

Whenever a polyunsaturated fat like fish oil is consumed, it may degrade into byproducts that have no value and even generate excess free-radical activity. Sesame functions as a powerful antioxidant, and its addition to fish oil lowers undesirable lipid peroxidation rates.11,12

Sesame suppresses the formation of free radicals from the DHA fraction of fish oil, which has extremely high oxidative susceptibility.14 A test of this effect was confirmed in rats fed a high DHA diet from fish oil. In the first part of the study, DHA alone lowered vitamin E levels and raised a measure of free radical damage. The addition of sesame raised plasma and liver vitamin E levels higher, increased concentrations of DHA, and completely suppressed free radical production from the DHA in tissues and serum.11

The combination of sesame and fish oil (as found in the Super Omega-3 formula) thus helps to suppress free radical production of fish oil by blocking lipid peroxidation and simultaneously boosting levels of beneficial fatty acids (such as DGLA and DHA).11,13

Increased burning of blood lipids

In order for cells to produce energy, they must burn fatty acids in their mitochondria. The failure of liver mitochondria to properly burn fatty acids can result in excess accumulation of triglycerides.

Triglycerides not burned in the liver accumulate in the blood and contribute to arterial occlusion.

When rats were fed sesame lignans and fish oil together, their hepatic fatty acid oxidation rates rose much higher than when fed fish oil alone. This study pointed out that the sesame-fish oil combination worked synergistically by increasing the fatty acid oxidation enzymes in the liver.10

Thus, the combination of fish oil with sesame improves mitochondrial fatty acid energy utilization, which facilitates triglyceride reduction, while also guarding against the free radicals generated as an inevitable consequence of higher cellular metabolism.11,15,16

Virtues of the Mediterranean diet

A large body of human data indicates potent health benefits in those who consume a Mediterranean diet, characterized by relatively copious amounts of fish, olive oil, fruits, vegetables, and herbs.

The predominant fats in the Mediterranean diet are the omega-3s and monounsaturated fats from olive oil. While the monounsaturated fats in olive oil are a crucial component of the Mediterranean diet, the rich mixture of polyphenols in the olive fruit appears to be equally important.17

For example, published studies have shown that the olive fruit polyphenol—hydroxytyrosol—scavenges the dangerous free radical hydrogen peroxide and reduces LDL susceptibility to oxidation.18 The oxidation of LDL plays a significant role in the development of vascular impairment.

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, human subjects consumed three different extra-virgin olive oils with incrementally greater levels of polyphenols. The results showed that as the polyphenol content of the olive oil increased, the oxidation of LDL decreased. Polyphenol-rich olive oil also raised beneficial HDL levels. Both effects are associated with an improved cardiovascular risk profile.19

In another study, researchers tested the effects of feeding three olive oils with incrementally greater levels of polyphenols to a group of healthy male volunteers. Subjects in this randomized, double-blind study consumed standardized doses of polyphenol-rich olive oil. The results showed that oxidized LDL decreased, glutathione antioxidant activity increased, and beneficial HDL levels increased in the participants. These effects were proportionally greater as olive polyphenol content increased. All of these changes reflect improvements in surrogate markers of cardiovascular health.20

Super Omega-3 contains a standardized olive fruit extract to provide the full spectrum of benefits associated with the ingestion of fish and olive oils, including the potent hydroxytyrosol polyphenol.

Arachidonic Acid’s Destructive Cascade

One reason people supplement with fish oil is to suppress the production of arachidonic acid in the body. To better understand how arachidonic acid can cause arthritic and cardiovascular conditions, the chart below shows how arachidonic acid cascades down into joint-destroying, pro-thrombotic compounds.

Chart 2: This chart shows the pathways down which arachidonic acid cascades to form toxic inflammatory compounds. Fish oil and a healthy diet help suppress arachidonic acid production in the body.

New olive oil extract

When investigating why consumption of olive foods results in such marked reductions in human maladies, scientists uncovered another olive polyphenol that functions via specific beneficial mechanisms.

Blood platelets guard against excessive bleeding. When our platelets become over-activated, they can form clots inside arteries leading to acute circulatory disruptions. An olive fruit polyphenol called oleuropein has been shown to specifically reduce blood platelet activity in humans,21 thus providing yet another explanation as to why those who consume a Mediterranean diet have such low rates of sudden vascular events.

Oleuropein from olive fruit has additional biological properties. When administered to human fibroblast skin cells cultures, oleuropein delays the appearance of senescent (aging) structural changes and increases the life span of these cells by approximately 15%.22 The scientists who conducted this study stated: “these data demonstrate the beneficial effect of oleuropein on human fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence and provide new insights toward enhancement of cellular antioxidant mechanisms by natural compounds that can be easily up-taken through normal diet.”

Those afflicted with certain inherited genetic mutations are predisposed to contracting disorders related to defects in cell replication. A gene of particular concern to some women is HER2. When evaluating various olive polyphenols on HER2 expression, oleuropein most effectively down-regulated HER2 expression.23 The scientists who conducted this study remarked that their findings help explain why those who consume a Mediterranean diet have such marked reductions in disorders related to excess expression of the HER2 gene.

Super Omega-3 not only contains the finest omega-3 fish oil blend in the world, but also provides an olive blend standardized for hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein.

Olive oil and fish oil work better together than fish oil alone

Patients suffering from chronic age-related discomforts were randomized into three groups. The first group received EPA/DHA-rich fish oil, the second group received the same fish oil with polyphenol-rich olive oil, while the third group received a placebo.

At the study’s end, the fish oil-only group showed significant improvement in several measurements. The group receiving both fish oil and polyphenol-enriched olive oil, however, exhibited an “accentuated improvement” across a broad-spectrum of parameters including patients’ subjective assessments and satisfaction with their daily living activities.24

This study helps further corroborate the multiple health benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet, rich in monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, along with plant polyphenols.

The new Super Omega-3…even better quality…same low price! No drug has ever shown the broad-spectrum health benefits of fish oil.

Each year, consumers pay higher prices for patented medications that have only limited therapeutic targets. These drugs are also known to induce side effects, despite the FDA’s assurance of their safety.

Life Extension’s new Super Omega-3 provides the purest EPA/DHA fish oil blend, standardized sesame lignans, and the most beneficial extracts from the olive fruit at no additional charge.

If the government ever turned dietary supplements into prescription drugs, it would not be possible to make these rapid improvements, as the FDA would mandate a new round of costly clinical testing every time a change was made. The end result might be an improved (and higher priced) drug many years down the road, depending on the FDA bureaucratic decision-making process.

Life Extension has a dual mission of providing members with the finest nutritional formulations while leading by example in showing the superiority of the free market over today’s regulatory quagmire that strangles medical innovation.

The new Super Omega-3 with Sesame Lignans and Olive Fruit Extract is a prime example of how consumers benefit when free market competition is allowed to create superior products without increasing prices.

 

Sesame Lignans Enhance Effects of Fish Oil

Like polyphenols from olives, sesame seeds are rich in compounds with powerful antioxidant properties. Sesame seeds contain lignans, a class of chemicals known as phytonutrients that are responsible for a range of health benefits.

For example, lignans have the ability to modulate immunity and may prevent various types of cancer.65-72 When Scandinavian researchers fed the sesame lignan sesamin to laboratory animals, they documented an increase in bioavailable levels of the important antioxidant gamma tocopherol, a potent and biologically active form of vitamin E.73

Japanese researchers have shown that when sesamin is added to the diets of animals bred for their susceptibility to hypertension and stroke, various markers of cardiovascular damage are significantly improved, especially among salt-sensitive hypertensive animals.74

In a similar experiment, scientists fed vitamin E, sesamin, or both to animals prone to hypertension and stroke. A control group received normal feed. As they aged, the control animals developed high blood pressure and elevated levels of an oxidative stress marker, and exhibited an increased tendency to develop clots that could precipitate stroke. By contrast, the animals fed sesamin, vitamin E, or a combination of the two nutrients were significantly protected from these deadly conditions.75

Reducing Inflammation

More recent work on the mechanisms underlying these effects indicates that sesamin reduces levels of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes, immune system components that are associated with pathological inflammatory conditions.76 Many scientists now believe that low-grade inflammation is an underlying condition that contributes to a broad range of degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.77-83 Omega-3 fatty acids are also known to reduce inflammation,42,84 and recent research indicates that they may increase levels of anti-inflammatory compounds in the bloodstream.49,85,86

Sesame seed components, including sesamin and sesamolin, may also reduce the effects of reactive oxygen species, a class of highly reactive, damaging free radicals that are generated in response to injuries such as those caused by stroke. In an experiment designed to simulate stroke damage, Chinese scientists deprived nerve cells of oxygen in the laboratory. In cells treated with sesamin and sesamolin, cell death was reduced significantly compared to untreated cells. The scientists concluded that the sesame seed lignans may have suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited the release of mitogen-activated protein kinases,87 a family of immune system proteins responsible for inducing programmed cell death, or apoptosis.88 Taiwanese researchers reported findings that appear to confirm this ability of sesame lignans to intervene in apoptosis by modulating immune system signaling events.89

Lowering Blood Pressure

Sesame seed lignans may also reduce blood pressure. In an effort to document sesame’s antihypertensive effects, Japanese researchers worked with animals bred to serve as a model of human hypertension. One group of animals was fed a normal diet supplemented with sesamin, while the other group received only the normal diet. After five weeks, aortic superoxide, an indicator of cardiovascular stress, was measured in both groups. Sesamin fed animals had lower superoxide levels and lower blood pressure; conversely, animals fed a normal diet developed hypertension and elevated levels of superoxide. The scientists concluded that sesamin may inhibit production of aortic superoxide, and that sesamin’s antioxidant activity may contribute to its ability to reduce blood pressure.90,91

Preventing Lipid Peroxidation

Sesame lignans also reduce the peroxidation of lipids. Lipid peroxidation produces harmful free radicals that can have damaging, disease-promoting effects in the body, and may precede the development of atherosclerosis. Preventing peroxidation may make lipids less likely to adhere to the lining of blood vessels, an important goal of preventive medicine.92 Researchers in Japan determined that, when fed to laboratory animals, the sesame seed lignans, sesamin, and sesaminol decrease lipid peroxidation and raise levels of alpha tocopherol, a form of vitamin E. This effect has been confirmed by other researchers.93-95 Indian scientists found a similar effect when animals were fed sesame oil and sesamin. Despite induced oxidative stress, the animals fed sesame oil and sesamin retained high levels of tocopherols, or vitamin E antioxidants. The researchers suggested that sesame lignans may regenerate oxidized tocopherols, essentially sparing them in the body.95

 

Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans & Olive Fruit Extract (Molecularly Distilled)
120 softgels
Item Catalog Number:
00982

As people age, systemic inflammation can inflict degenerative effects throughout the body.1-5 A primary cause of this destructive cascade is the production of cell-signaling chemicals known as inflammatory cytokines. Along with these dangerous cytokines, imbalances of hormone-like messengers called prostaglandins and leukotrienes also contribute to inflammatory processes.6

Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

The body needs fatty acids to survive and is able to make all but two of them: linoleic acid (LA), in the omega-6 family, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the omega-3 family. These two fatty acids must be supplied by the diet and are therefore considered essential fatty acids (EFAs).

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in cold-water fish (and fish oil) and perilla and flaxseed oils, can be part of a healthy diet. Omega-3 oils contain the essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are usually lacking in the typical Western diet filled with high amounts of omega-6 fats.7 EPA and DHA can be synthesized from ALA; but EPA and DHA synthesis may be insufficient under certain conditions.

Omega-6 fatty acids are well-supplied in the diet by meat and vegetable oils. However, not all omega-6 fatty acids are of equal value. Linoleic acid (not to be confused with ALA, which is in the omega-3 family) and arachidonic acid (AA) tend to be unhealthy because they are the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2, and leukotriene B4, which promote inflammation. In contrast, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), found in evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant oil, is an important fatty acid that plays a beneficial role in healthy prostaglandin (PGE1) formation and pro-inflammatory mediator reduction.8

While the polyunsaturated fats known as omega-6 fatty acids are essential to life, most Americans and citizens of other Western nations consume far too many omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and not enough omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fact, some Western diets consist of 20 parts of omega-6 to only one part of omega-3. For optimum health, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids should be between 1:1 and 4:1. The severe imbalance that occurs with most people contributes to the development of long-term health problems.

Studies associate the Mediterranean diet — rich in omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil, and antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and herbs — with lowered cardiovascular risk and increased life span.9-15 Other studies support omega-3’s importance in cardiovascular health.16,17

Benefits of fish oil supplements

An abundance of scientific research substantiates the wide-ranging health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil and monounsaturated fatty acids-polyphenols in olive fruit.18-25 In fact, supportive but not conclusive evidence shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.16,17,26

The Super Omega-3 formula uses a patented EPA/DHA extraction process that results in one of the purest, most stable and easiest-to-tolerate fish oil extracts in the world.

While most fish oil is distilled to decrease contaminants such as mercury and PCBs, the Pure+™ fish oil used in Super Omega-3 is produced with a patented method that purifies the oil with an intense distillation process to reduce pollutants to virtually undetectable levels. Super Omega-3 is certified to contain no detectable levels of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and other toxic metals by the International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS™). This product meets or exceeds IFOS™ standards for PCBs, dioxins, and other contaminants, and thus has received its highest 5-star rating.

Standardized Olive Fruit

To emulate a Mediterranean diet, Super Omega-3 provides a standardized olive fruit extract to deliver the polyphenols hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, powerful antioxidants that reduce LDL susceptibility to oxidation and counter dangerous free radicals.29-31 Olive polyphenols also help maintain normal platelet activation,32 promote healthy endothelial function9 and enhance nitric oxide (NO) release.25,33 Research shows that a combination of olive oil extract and fish oil supplements helps with suppressing inflammatory cytokines better than a placebo or fish oil alone.34 Super Omega-3 provides an olive fruit extract standardized for hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein polyphenols.

Super Omega-3 is the only fish oil concentrate that provides this full-spectrum blend of synergistic nutrients for optimal effects in an easy-to-tolerate formulation.

Sesame lignans enhance in vivo effects of fish oil supplements

Scientific studies show that when fish oil is supplemented with sesame lignans, the beneficial effects are augmented. Sesame lignans inhibit an enzyme (delta-5-desaturase) that causes dietary fats to be converted into arachidonic acid, a precursor to prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4. Sesame lignans help guard against lipid peroxidation. The addition of sesame lignans to fish oil also synergistically increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation.27,28 Super Omega-3 provides standardized sesame lignans to enhance the overall benefits of this improved EPA/DHA fish oil blend.


Supplement Facts

Serving Size 2 softgels

Servings Per Container 60

Amount Per Serving

Calories

21

Calories from Fat

21

Total Fat

2.3 g

Cholesterol

8 mg

Pure+™ Wild Fish Oil Concentrate

2000 mg

Yielding

 

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)

700 mg

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

500 mg

Polyphen-Oil™ Olive (Olea europa) Fruit Extract [std. to 4.5% total polyphenols (13.5 mg), 0.7% hydroxytyrosol (2.1 mg), 0.3% oleuropein (0.9 mg) and 0.5% verbascoside (1.5 mg)]

300 mg

Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) lignan extract

10 mg

Other ingredients: refined fish oil concentrate (anchovy, sardine, mackerel), gelatin, glycerin, colloidal silicon dioxide, soy lecithin, carob color, mixed tocopherols, rosemary extract.

Contains fish (anchovy, sardine, mackerel) and soybeans. Contains sesame. This product contains NO milk, egg, peanuts, crustacean shellfish (lobster, crab, shrimp), tree nuts, wheat, yeast, gluten, corn, or rice. Contains NO sugar, and no artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors, or preservatives.

IFOS™ certification mark is a registered trademark of Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. These products have been tested to the quality and purity standards of the IFOS™ program conducted at Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc.

Dosage and Use
 

Take two softgels twice daily with meals, or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner.

 

Do not take with fiber supplements.


Caution

Those taking anticoagulant drugs like Coumadin® (warfarin) should inform their doctor that they are taking GLA, EPA, or DHA supplements, as the physician may want to adjust the dose of anticoagulant medication based on tests that measure coagulation factors such as template bleeding time.

Since GLA, EPA, and DHA interfere with blood clotting, those who suffer from any type of hemorrhagic disease related to excessive bleeding or blood vessel leakage should consult their physician before supplementing these fatty acids.

If you are taking anticoagulant drugs, use this product only under the supervision of your physician. Blood tests that measure clotting can be used to ensure these nutrients are not reducing the clotting factors in your blood to abnormal levels!


Warnings

Top References - Fish Oil and Olive Oil

1. David Pimentel, et al. Ecology of Increasing Disease. BioScience, Vol. 48, No. 10 (Oct., 1998), pp. 817-826

2. Ide, T, Hong, DD, Ranasinghe, P, et al. Interaction of dietary fat types and sesamin on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rats. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2004 Jun 1;1682(1-3):80-91.

3. Utsunomiya, T, Chavali, SR, Zhong, WW, et al. Effects of sesamin-supplemented dietary fat emulsions on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoids and tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):804-8.

4. Chavali, SR, Zhong, WW, Forse, RA Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of delta-5-desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

5. Umeda-Sawada R, Ogawa M, Igarashi O. The metabolism and N-6/N-3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rats: effect of dietary arachidonic acid and a mixture of sesame lignans (sesamin and episesamin). Lipids. 1998 Jun;33(6):567-72.

6. Shimizu S, Akimoto K, Shinmen Y, et al. Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of delta-5-desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Lipids. 1991 Jul;26(7):512-6.

7. Fujiyama-Fujiwara Y, Umeda-Sawada R, Kuzuyama M, Igarashi O. Effects of sesamin on the fatty acid composition of the liver of rats fed N-6 and N-3 fatty acid rich diet. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 1995 Apr;41(2):217-25.

8. Gu JY, Wakizono Y, Tsujita A, et al. Effects of sesamin and alpha-tocopherol, individually or in combination, on the polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolism, chemical mediator production, and immunoglobulin levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1995 Dec; 59(12):2198-202.

9. Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Forse RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of sesamin on the delta-5 desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

10. Akimoto K, Kitagawa Y, Akamatsu T, et al. Protective effects of sesamin against liver damage caused by alcohol or carbon tetrachloride in rodents. Ann Nutr Metab. 1993;37(4):218-24.

11. Ikeda S, Kagaya M, Kobayashi K, et al. Dietary sesame lignans decrease lipid peroxidation in rats fed docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2003 Aug;49(4):270-6.

12. Kang M, Katsuzaki H, Osawa T. Inhibition of 2,2’-azobis[2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile]-induced lipid peroxidation by sesaminols. Lipids. 1998;33(10):1031-6.

13. Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Forse RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of delta-5-desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

14. Yamashita K, Kagaya M, Higuti N, et al. Sesamin and alpha-tocopherol synergistically suppress lipid-peroxide in rats fed a high docosahexaenoic acid diet. Biofactors. 2000;11(1-2):11-3.

15. Ashakumary L, Rouyer I, Takahashi Y, et al. Sesamin, a sesame lignan is a potent inducer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat. Metabolism. 1999 Oct;48(10):1303-13.

16. Kushiro M, Masaoka T, Hageshita S, et al. Comparative effect of sesamin and episesamin on the activity and gene expression of enzymes in fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in rat liver. J Nutr Biochem. 2002 May;13(5):289-295.

17. Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E. Mediterranean diet and longevity. Br J Nutr. 2000 Dec;84 Suppl 2:S205-9.

18. Rietjens SJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. New insights into controversies on the antioxidant potential of the olive oil antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7609-14.

19. Weinbrenner T, Fito M, de la Torre R, et al. Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2314-21.

20. Gimeno E, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, et al. Effect of ingestion of virgin olive oil on human low-density lipoprotein composition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;56(2):114-20.

21. Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA. The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007 Mar 6.

22. Katsiki M, Chondrogianni N, Chinou I, Rivett AJ, Gonos ES. The olive constituent oleuropein exhibits proteasome stimulatory properties in vitro and confers life span extension of human embryonic fibroblasts. Rejuvenation Res. 2007 Jun;10(2):157-72.

23. Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Colomer R, Brunet J, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Garcia-Villalba R, Fernandez-Gutierrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Olive oil’s bitter principle reverses acquired autoresistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin) in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2007 May 9;7:80.

24. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Alemendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2005 Feb;21(2):131-6.

Top Sesame Lignans References

1. Eposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6.

2. Osler M, Heitmann BL, Gerdes LU, Jorgensen LM, Schroll M. Dietary patterns and mortality in Danish men and women: a prospective observational study. Br J Nutr. 2001 Feb;85(2):219-25.

3. Osler M, Schroll M. Diet and mortality in a cohort of elderly people in a north European community. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;26(1):155-9.

4. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2599-608.

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