The Purest EPA-DHA Fish Oil in the World

by William Faloon

There are lots of reasons to dislike pharmaceutical companies these days. One problem that irks me is that they chronically raise prices—without improving quality—on what are often only mediocre drugs.

Contrast this to the dietary supplement industry, which innovates so quickly that Life Extension is able to use these technologies to significantly improve popular formulas, usually at no additional charge.

The difference is that pharmaceutical companies function as government-protected quasi-monopolies, whereas the supplement industry competes in an open free market.

Unless you are a proponent of the economic dictates of Vladimir Putin or Hugo Chavez, you understand that consumers benefit in a free market economy as opposed to one controlled by a central government.

For many years, Life Extension members were provided with omega-3 fish oil of extraordinary stability and purity. Not content with these lofty standards, a new fish oil has just come to market that provides consumers with an even better omega-3 blend at no additional charge!

Omega-3 fatty acids from cold-water fish have received an enormous amount of favorable publicity. One reason is that there have been more scientific studies to document fish oil’s multiple health benefits than perhaps any other nutrient.

Fish oil is available in a wide range of purities and potencies. Life Extension’s previous Super Omega-3 met such exacting standards that it achieved the highest rating awarded by a respected independent organization called the International Fish Oil Society.

Based on the availability of high-quality fish oil, you might wonder why a company would go to the effort of patenting a process to make an even purer EPA-DHA extract. The answer is free market competitive pressure. Since several high-quality fish oil producers control most of the supplement arena, one company felt it had to make an even better fish oil if it were to keep its leading position in the marketplace.

The new gold standard fish oil extract

When evaluating the safety and potency of fish oil, the following three areas are analyzed:

Stability: Fish oil can easily turn rancid, so a measurement of oxidative byproducts is a critical step to ensure that the omega-3 fatty acids you ingest are fresh.
Purity: Cold-water ocean fish are rich in EPA/DHA, but are often contaminated with pollutants like PCBs, mercury, and arsenic. The fish oil you swallow should go through the purification processes needed to reduce contaminant levels to safe ranges.
EPA-DHA consistency: The primary active ingredients in fish are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Assaying fish oil to make sure it meets label claims is important to ensuring you are ingesting the desired amounts of EPA/DHA.

In order to protect consumers against unsafe and ineffective products, the Council for Responsible Nutrition has proposed strict guidelines for fish oil products. The good news is that this new fish oil extract exceeds even these proposed upgraded pharmaceutical standards.

This new fish oil extract is produced using a patented extraction and purification process to increase stability, remove virtually all contaminants, and protect against oxidation and peroxidation of the delicate omega-3 fatty acids. This new fish oil meets such high standards that it is approved in the European Union for use as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

How this new fish oil is made

To obtain a fish oil this pure and stable, a patented method was developed to purify the oil with an intense two-step distillation process. By purifying the oil before the intense distillation process, the result is a cleaner oil that has shorter heat exposure and prevents thermal (heat) degradation of the EPA/DHA.

These patented Pure+™ distillation processes remove other impurities that lead to reflux, burping, and regurgitation in some people. This new fish oil extract also smells better by virtue of these processes. This improved fish oil extract may even be tolerable to people with very sensitive stomachs.

The laboratory making this new fish oil extract was the first facility in the world approved to make pharmaceutical fish oil drugs.

No price increase!

When we were first approached with this improved fish oil extraction technology, the first thing we said is “no higher prices.” Consumers today are already taking a lot of supplements and most cannot afford higher prices for staples such as fish oil.

The good news is that despite the costly processes involved in making this new fish oil extract, the price of our Super Omega-3 remains the same!

Life Extension members thus gain access to a superior fish oil extract at no additional cost.

Does the improved purity really matter?

The fish oil used previously in Super Omega-3 always tested out below the allowable limits for pollutants and received the coveted 5-star rating from the International Fish Oil Society. So does removing even more contaminants really matter?

The answer is that no one knows for sure. What we do recognize is that mercury is toxic to cells throughout the body and that PCBs are potent carcinogens. It makes common sense to want to ingest fewer pollutants. A recent study from Cornell University estimated that one-third of worldwide deaths are caused by pollution.1

Our view of standards set for acceptable levels of pollutants is that they are based on typical life spans. Since Foundation members expect to greatly exceed “average” longevities, reducing one’s exposure to pollutants would appear desirable. It is also important to point out that pollutants are ubiquitous in our environment, and the best we can ever do is reduce our exposure levels. (Cruciferous vegetables and/or supplements like indole-3-carbinol and chlorophyllin help protect our cells against environmental pollutants.)

Two Paths That GLA Can Follow In The Body

Chart 1: This chart shows that GLA can follow a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory pathway in the body. Sesame lignans suppress the enzyme (delta-5 desaturase) that converts DGLA into arachidonic acid. By blocking the undesirable enzyme (delta-5 desaturase), more DGLA is available for conversion into beneficial prostaglandin E1.5-10

What makes Super Omega-3 the best fish oil supplement?

Consumers have access to a wide range of omega-3 supplements. The overwhelming preponderance of evidence indicates that obtaining EPA and DHA directly from fish oil is the most effective way of benefiting from these essential fatty acids.

Life Extension’s Super Omega-3 is the only fish concentrate that provides a full spectrum blend of fatty acids and synergistic nutrients to provide optimal effects in the body.

Three years ago, Life Extension uncovered research showing that the addition of sesame lignans to fish oil enhances its beneficial effects.2 When fats are consumed, they are broken down into compounds that either promote or suppress inflammatory reactions. Specialized enzymes in the body determine which inflammatory pathway fats will follow.

Sesame lignans inhibit an enzyme (delta-5 desaturase) that causes DGLA (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid) to be converted into arachidonic acid, a precursor to the toxic inflammatory factors prostaglandin E2 and the leukotrienes.3

Sesame lignans also increase levels of DGLA (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid), the precursor to prostaglandin E1. Prostaglandin E1 has demonstrated health benefits including blood vessel relaxation and suppression of inflammation.4 (Chart 1 shows how sesame can influence delta-5 desaturase, and the subsequent path down which dietary fats cascade.)

GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) is a dietary fat that can increase levels of DGLA and beneficial prostaglandin E1 in the body. When sesame lignans are combined with fish oil, DGLA levels rise dramatically and the anti-inflammatory benefit of the fish oil greatly improves.

For consumers, this means that taking fish oil with sesame lignans may provide comparable benefits to fish and borage oil (GLA) supplements. Super Omega-3 contains a standardized sesame lignan extract to provide users with these synergistic benefits shown in scientific studies.

Extending the stability of fish oil in the body

Whenever a polyunsaturated fat like fish oil is consumed, it may degrade into byproducts that have no value and even generate excess free-radical activity. Sesame functions as a powerful antioxidant, and its addition to fish oil lowers undesirable lipid peroxidation rates.11,12

Sesame suppresses the formation of free radicals from the DHA fraction of fish oil, which has extremely high oxidative susceptibility.14 A test of this effect was confirmed in rats fed a high DHA diet from fish oil. In the first part of the study, DHA alone lowered vitamin E levels and raised a measure of free radical damage. The addition of sesame raised plasma and liver vitamin E levels higher, increased concentrations of DHA, and completely suppressed free radical production from the DHA in tissues and serum.11

The combination of sesame and fish oil (as found in the Super Omega-3 formula) thus helps to suppress free radical production of fish oil by blocking lipid peroxidation and simultaneously boosting levels of beneficial fatty acids (such as DGLA and DHA).11,13

Increased burning of blood lipids

In order for cells to produce energy, they must burn fatty acids in their mitochondria. The failure of liver mitochondria to properly burn fatty acids can result in excess accumulation of triglycerides.

Triglycerides not burned in the liver accumulate in the blood and contribute to arterial occlusion.

When rats were fed sesame lignans and fish oil together, their hepatic fatty acid oxidation rates rose much higher than when fed fish oil alone. This study pointed out that the sesame-fish oil combination worked synergistically by increasing the fatty acid oxidation enzymes in the liver.10

Thus, the combination of fish oil with sesame improves mitochondrial fatty acid energy utilization, which facilitates triglyceride reduction, while also guarding against the free radicals generated as an inevitable consequence of higher cellular metabolism.11,15,16

Virtues of the Mediterranean diet

A large body of human data indicates potent health benefits in those who consume a Mediterranean diet, characterized by relatively copious amounts of fish, olive oil, fruits, vegetables, and herbs.

The predominant fats in the Mediterranean diet are the omega-3s and monounsaturated fats from olive oil. While the monounsaturated fats in olive oil are a crucial component of the Mediterranean diet, the rich mixture of polyphenols in the olive fruit appears to be equally important.17

For example, published studies have shown that the olive fruit polyphenol—hydroxytyrosol—scavenges the dangerous free radical hydrogen peroxide and reduces LDL susceptibility to oxidation.18 The oxidation of LDL plays a significant role in the development of vascular impairment.

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, human subjects consumed three different extra-virgin olive oils with incrementally greater levels of polyphenols. The results showed that as the polyphenol content of the olive oil increased, the oxidation of LDL decreased. Polyphenol-rich olive oil also raised beneficial HDL levels. Both effects are associated with an improved cardiovascular risk profile.19

In another study, researchers tested the effects of feeding three olive oils with incrementally greater levels of polyphenols to a group of healthy male volunteers. Subjects in this randomized, double-blind study consumed standardized doses of polyphenol-rich olive oil. The results showed that oxidized LDL decreased, glutathione antioxidant activity increased, and beneficial HDL levels increased in the participants. These effects were proportionally greater as olive polyphenol content increased. All of these changes reflect improvements in surrogate markers of cardiovascular health.20

Super Omega-3 contains a standardized olive fruit extract to provide the full spectrum of benefits associated with the ingestion of fish and olive oils, including the potent hydroxytyrosol polyphenol.

Arachidonic Acid’s Destructive Cascade

One reason people supplement with fish oil is to suppress the production of arachidonic acid in the body. To better understand how arachidonic acid can cause arthritic and cardiovascular conditions, the chart below shows how arachidonic acid cascades down into joint-destroying, pro-thrombotic compounds.

Chart 2: This chart shows the pathways down which arachidonic acid cascades to form toxic inflammatory compounds. Fish oil and a healthy diet help suppress arachidonic acid production in the body.

New olive oil extract

When investigating why consumption of olive foods results in such marked reductions in human maladies, scientists uncovered another olive polyphenol that functions via specific beneficial mechanisms.

Blood platelets guard against excessive bleeding. When our platelets become over-activated, they can form clots inside arteries leading to acute circulatory disruptions. An olive fruit polyphenol called oleuropein has been shown to specifically reduce blood platelet activity in humans,21 thus providing yet another explanation as to why those who consume a Mediterranean diet have such low rates of sudden vascular events.

Oleuropein from olive fruit has additional biological properties. When administered to human fibroblast skin cells cultures, oleuropein delays the appearance of senescent (aging) structural changes and increases the life span of these cells by approximately 15%.22 The scientists who conducted this study stated: “these data demonstrate the beneficial effect of oleuropein on human fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence and provide new insights toward enhancement of cellular antioxidant mechanisms by natural compounds that can be easily up-taken through normal diet.”

Those afflicted with certain inherited genetic mutations are predisposed to contracting disorders related to defects in cell replication. A gene of particular concern to some women is HER2. When evaluating various olive polyphenols on HER2 expression, oleuropein most effectively down-regulated HER2 expression.23 The scientists who conducted this study remarked that their findings help explain why those who consume a Mediterranean diet have such marked reductions in disorders related to excess expression of the HER2 gene.

Super Omega-3 not only contains the finest omega-3 fish oil blend in the world, but also provides an olive blend standardized for hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein.

Olive oil and fish oil work better together than fish oil alone

Patients suffering from chronic age-related discomforts were randomized into three groups. The first group received EPA/DHA-rich fish oil, the second group received the same fish oil with polyphenol-rich olive oil, while the third group received a placebo.

At the study’s end, the fish oil-only group showed significant improvement in several measurements. The group receiving both fish oil and polyphenol-enriched olive oil, however, exhibited an “accentuated improvement” across a broad-spectrum of parameters including patients’ subjective assessments and satisfaction with their daily living activities.24

This study helps further corroborate the multiple health benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet, rich in monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids, along with plant polyphenols.

The new Super Omega-3…even better quality…same low price! No drug has ever shown the broad-spectrum health benefits of fish oil.

Each year, consumers pay higher prices for patented medications that have only limited therapeutic targets. These drugs are also known to induce side effects, despite the FDA’s assurance of their safety.

Life Extension’s new Super Omega-3 provides the purest EPA/DHA fish oil blend, standardized sesame lignans, and the most beneficial extracts from the olive fruit at no additional charge.

If the government ever turned dietary supplements into prescription drugs, it would not be possible to make these rapid improvements, as the FDA would mandate a new round of costly clinical testing every time a change was made. The end result might be an improved (and higher priced) drug many years down the road, depending on the FDA bureaucratic decision-making process.

Life Extension has a dual mission of providing members with the finest nutritional formulations while leading by example in showing the superiority of the free market over today’s regulatory quagmire that strangles medical innovation.

The new Super Omega-3 with Sesame Lignans and Olive Fruit Extract is a prime example of how consumers benefit when free market competition is allowed to create superior products without increasing prices.

Sesame Lignans Enhance Effects of Fish Oil

Like polyphenols from olives, sesame seeds are rich in compounds with powerful antioxidant properties. Sesame seeds contain lignans, a class of chemicals known as phytonutrients that are responsible for a range of health benefits.

For example, lignans have the ability to modulate immunity and may prevent various types of cancer.65-72 When Scandinavian researchers fed the sesame lignan sesamin to laboratory animals, they documented an increase in bioavailable levels of the important antioxidant gamma tocopherol, a potent and biologically active form of vitamin E.73

Japanese researchers have shown that when sesamin is added to the diets of animals bred for their susceptibility to hypertension and stroke, various markers of cardiovascular damage are significantly improved, especially among salt-sensitive hypertensive animals.74

In a similar experiment, scientists fed vitamin E, sesamin, or both to animals prone to hypertension and stroke. A control group received normal feed. As they aged, the control animals developed high blood pressure and elevated levels of an oxidative stress marker, and exhibited an increased tendency to develop clots that could precipitate stroke. By contrast, the animals fed sesamin, vitamin E, or a combination of the two nutrients were significantly protected from these deadly conditions.75

Reducing Inflammation

More recent work on the mechanisms underlying these effects indicates that sesamin reduces levels of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes, immune system components that are associated with pathological inflammatory conditions.76 Many scientists now believe that low-grade inflammation is an underlying condition that contributes to a broad range of degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart disease, arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.77-83 Omega-3 fatty acids are also known to reduce inflammation,42,84 and recent research indicates that they may increase levels of anti-inflammatory compounds in the bloodstream.49,85,86

Sesame seed components, including sesamin and sesamolin, may also reduce the effects of reactive oxygen species, a class of highly reactive, damaging free radicals that are generated in response to injuries such as those caused by stroke. In an experiment designed to simulate stroke damage, Chinese scientists deprived nerve cells of oxygen in the laboratory. In cells treated with sesamin and sesamolin, cell death was reduced significantly compared to untreated cells. The scientists concluded that the sesame seed lignans may have suppressed the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibited the release of mitogen-activated protein kinases,87 a family of immune system proteins responsible for inducing programmed cell death, or apoptosis.88 Taiwanese researchers reported findings that appear to confirm this ability of sesame lignans to intervene in apoptosis by modulating immune system signaling events.89

Lowering Blood Pressure

Sesame seed lignans may also reduce blood pressure. In an effort to document sesame’s antihypertensive effects, Japanese researchers worked with animals bred to serve as a model of human hypertension. One group of animals was fed a normal diet supplemented with sesamin, while the other group received only the normal diet. After five weeks, aortic superoxide, an indicator of cardiovascular stress, was measured in both groups. Sesamin fed animals had lower superoxide levels and lower blood pressure; conversely, animals fed a normal diet developed hypertension and elevated levels of superoxide. The scientists concluded that sesamin may inhibit production of aortic superoxide, and that sesamin’s antioxidant activity may contribute to its ability to reduce blood pressure.90,91

Preventing Lipid Peroxidation

Sesame lignans also reduce the peroxidation of lipids. Lipid peroxidation produces harmful free radicals that can have damaging, disease-promoting effects in the body, and may precede the development of atherosclerosis. Preventing peroxidation may make lipids less likely to adhere to the lining of blood vessels, an important goal of preventive medicine.92 Researchers in Japan determined that, when fed to laboratory animals, the sesame seed lignans, sesamin, and sesaminol decrease lipid peroxidation and raise levels of alpha tocopherol, a form of vitamin E. This effect has been confirmed by other researchers.93-95 Indian scientists found a similar effect when animals were fed sesame oil and sesamin. Despite induced oxidative stress, the animals fed sesame oil and sesamin retained high levels of tocopherols, or vitamin E antioxidants. The researchers suggested that sesame lignans may regenerate oxidized tocopherols, essentially sparing them in the body.95

Super Omega-3 EPA/DHA with Sesame Lignans & Olive Fruit Extract (Molecularly Distilled)

120 softgels
Item Catalog Number: 00982

As people age, systemic inflammation can inflict degenerative effects throughout the body.1-5 A primary cause of this destructive cascade is the production of cell-signaling chemicals known as inflammatory cytokines. Along with these dangerous cytokines, imbalances of hormone-like messengers called prostaglandins and leukotrienes also contribute to inflammatory processes.6

Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

The body needs fatty acids to survive and is able to make all but two of them: linoleic acid (LA), in the omega-6 family, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the omega-3 family. These two fatty acids must be supplied by the diet and are therefore considered essential fatty acids (EFAs).

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in cold-water fish (and fish oil) and perilla and flaxseed oils, can be part of a healthy diet. Omega-3 oils contain the essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are usually lacking in the typical Western diet filled with high amounts of omega-6 fats.7 EPA and DHA can be synthesized from ALA; but EPA and DHA synthesis may be insufficient under certain conditions.

Omega-6 fatty acids are well-supplied in the diet by meat and vegetable oils. However, not all omega-6 fatty acids are of equal value. Linoleic acid (not to be confused with ALA, which is in the omega-3 family) and arachidonic acid (AA) tend to be unhealthy because they are the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2, and leukotriene B4, which promote inflammation. In contrast, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), found in evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant oil, is an important fatty acid that plays a beneficial role in healthy prostaglandin (PGE1) formation and pro-inflammatory mediator reduction.8

While the polyunsaturated fats known as omega-6 fatty acids are essential to life, most Americans and citizens of other Western nations consume far too many omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and not enough omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fact, some Western diets consist of 20 parts of omega-6 to only one part of omega-3. For optimum health, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids should be between 1:1 and 4:1. The severe imbalance that occurs with most people contributes to the development of long-term health problems.

Studies associate the Mediterranean diet — rich in omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil, and antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and herbs — with lowered cardiovascular risk and increased life span.9-15 Other studies support omega-3’s importance in cardiovascular health.16,17

Benefits of fish oil supplements

An abundance of scientific research substantiates the wide-ranging health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil and monounsaturated fatty acids-polyphenols in olive fruit.18-25 In fact, supportive but not conclusive evidence shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.16,17,26

The Super Omega-3 formula uses a patented EPA/DHA extraction process that results in one of the purest, most stable and easiest-to-tolerate fish oil extracts in the world.

While most fish oil is distilled to decrease contaminants such as mercury and PCBs, the Pure+™ fish oil used in Super Omega-3 is produced with a patented method that purifies the oil with an intense distillation process to reduce pollutants to virtually undetectable levels. Super Omega-3 is certified to contain no detectable levels of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and other toxic metals by the International Fish Oil Standards (IFOS™). This product meets or exceeds IFOS™ standards for PCBs, dioxins, and other contaminants, and thus has received its highest 5-star rating.

Standardized Olive Fruit

To emulate a Mediterranean diet, Super Omega-3 provides a standardized olive fruit extract to deliver the polyphenols hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, powerful antioxidants that reduce LDL susceptibility to oxidation and counter dangerous free radicals.29-31 Olive polyphenols also help maintain normal platelet activation,32 promote healthy endothelial function9 and enhance nitric oxide (NO) release.25,33 Research shows that a combination of olive oil extract and fish oil supplements helps with suppressing inflammatory cytokines better than a placebo or fish oil alone.34 Super Omega-3 provides an olive fruit extract standardized for hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein polyphenols.

Super Omega-3 is the only fish oil concentrate that provides this full-spectrum blend of synergistic nutrients for optimal effects in an easy-to-tolerate formulation.

Sesame lignans enhance in vivo effects of fish oil supplements

Scientific studies show that when fish oil is supplemented with sesame lignans, the beneficial effects are augmented. Sesame lignans inhibit an enzyme (delta-5-desaturase) that causes dietary fats to be converted into arachidonic acid, a precursor to prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4. Sesame lignans help guard against lipid peroxidation. The addition of sesame lignans to fish oil also synergistically increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation.27,28 Super Omega-3 provides standardized sesame lignans to enhance the overall benefits of this improved EPA/DHA fish oil blend.

References

Supplement Facts

Serving Size 2 softgels
Servings Per Container 60
Amount Per Serving
Calories	21
Calories from Fat	21
Total Fat	2.3 g
Cholesterol	8 mg
Pure+™ Wild Fish Oil Concentrate	2000 mg
Yielding
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)	700 mg
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)	500 mg
Polyphen-Oil™ Olive (Olea europa) Fruit Extract [std. to 4.5% total polyphenols (13.5 mg), 0.7% hydroxytyrosol (2.1 mg), 0.3% oleuropein (0.9 mg) and 0.5% verbascoside (1.5 mg)]	300 mg
Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) lignan extract	10 mg
Other ingredients: refined fish oil concentrate (anchovy, sardine, mackerel), gelatin, glycerin, colloidal silicon dioxide, soy lecithin, carob color, mixed tocopherols, rosemary extract.
Contains fish (anchovy, sardine, mackerel) and soybeans. Contains sesame. This product contains NO milk, egg, peanuts, crustacean shellfish (lobster, crab, shrimp), tree nuts, wheat, yeast, gluten, corn, or rice. Contains NO sugar, and no artificial sweeteners, flavors, colors, or preservatives.

IFOS™ certification mark is a registered trademark of Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. These products have been tested to the quality and purity standards of the IFOS™ program conducted at Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc.

Dosage and Use

	Take two softgels twice daily with meals, or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner.
	Do not take with fiber supplements.

Caution

Those taking anticoagulant drugs like Coumadin® (warfarin) should inform their doctor that they are taking GLA, EPA, or DHA supplements, as the physician may want to adjust the dose of anticoagulant medication based on tests that measure coagulation factors such as template bleeding time.

Since GLA, EPA, and DHA interfere with blood clotting, those who suffer from any type of hemorrhagic disease related to excessive bleeding or blood vessel leakage should consult their physician before supplementing these fatty acids.

If you are taking anticoagulant drugs, use this product only under the supervision of your physician. Blood tests that measure clotting can be used to ensure these nutrients are not reducing the clotting factors in your blood to abnormal levels!

Warnings

Top References - Fish Oil and Olive Oil

1. David Pimentel, et al. Ecology of Increasing Disease. BioScience, Vol. 48, No. 10 (Oct., 1998), pp. 817-826

2. Ide, T, Hong, DD, Ranasinghe, P, et al. Interaction of dietary fat types and sesamin on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rats. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2004 Jun 1;1682(1-3):80-91.

3. Utsunomiya, T, Chavali, SR, Zhong, WW, et al. Effects of sesamin-supplemented dietary fat emulsions on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoids and tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Sep;72(3):804-8.

4. Chavali, SR, Zhong, WW, Forse, RA Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of delta-5-desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

5. Umeda-Sawada R, Ogawa M, Igarashi O. The metabolism and N-6/N-3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rats: effect of dietary arachidonic acid and a mixture of sesame lignans (sesamin and episesamin). Lipids. 1998 Jun;33(6):567-72.

6. Shimizu S, Akimoto K, Shinmen Y, et al. Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of delta-5-desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Lipids. 1991 Jul;26(7):512-6.

7. Fujiyama-Fujiwara Y, Umeda-Sawada R, Kuzuyama M, Igarashi O. Effects of sesamin on the fatty acid composition of the liver of rats fed N-6 and N-3 fatty acid rich diet. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 1995 Apr;41(2):217-25.

8. Gu JY, Wakizono Y, Tsujita A, et al. Effects of sesamin and alpha-tocopherol, individually or in combination, on the polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolism, chemical mediator production, and immunoglobulin levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1995 Dec; 59(12):2198-202.

9. Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Forse RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of sesamin on the delta-5 desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

10. Akimoto K, Kitagawa Y, Akamatsu T, et al. Protective effects of sesamin against liver damage caused by alcohol or carbon tetrachloride in rodents. Ann Nutr Metab. 1993;37(4):218-24.

11. Ikeda S, Kagaya M, Kobayashi K, et al. Dietary sesame lignans decrease lipid peroxidation in rats fed docosahexaenoic acid. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. (Tokyo). 2003 Aug;49(4):270-6.

12. Kang M, Katsuzaki H, Osawa T. Inhibition of 2,2’-azobis[2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile]-induced lipid peroxidation by sesaminols. Lipids. 1998;33(10):1031-6.

13. Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Forse RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of delta-5-desaturation of omega6 and omega3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):185-91.

14. Yamashita K, Kagaya M, Higuti N, et al. Sesamin and alpha-tocopherol synergistically suppress lipid-peroxide in rats fed a high docosahexaenoic acid diet. Biofactors. 2000;11(1-2):11-3.

15. Ashakumary L, Rouyer I, Takahashi Y, et al. Sesamin, a sesame lignan is a potent inducer of hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the rat. Metabolism. 1999 Oct;48(10):1303-13.

16. Kushiro M, Masaoka T, Hageshita S, et al. Comparative effect of sesamin and episesamin on the activity and gene expression of enzymes in fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in rat liver. J Nutr Biochem. 2002 May;13(5):289-295.

17. Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E. Mediterranean diet and longevity. Br J Nutr. 2000 Dec;84 Suppl 2:S205-9.

18. Rietjens SJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. New insights into controversies on the antioxidant potential of the olive oil antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7609-14.

19. Weinbrenner T, Fito M, de la Torre R, et al. Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2314-21.

20. Gimeno E, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, et al. Effect of ingestion of virgin olive oil on human low-density lipoprotein composition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;56(2):114-20.

21. Singh I, Mok M, Christensen AM, Turner AH, Hawley JA. The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007 Mar 6.

22. Katsiki M, Chondrogianni N, Chinou I, Rivett AJ, Gonos ES. The olive constituent oleuropein exhibits proteasome stimulatory properties in vitro and confers life span extension of human embryonic fibroblasts. Rejuvenation Res. 2007 Jun;10(2):157-72.

23. Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Colomer R, Brunet J, Carrasco-Pancorbo A, Garcia-Villalba R, Fernandez-Gutierrez A, Segura-Carretero A. Olive oil’s bitter principle reverses acquired autoresistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin) in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer. 2007 May 9;7:80.

24. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Alemendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2005 Feb;21(2):131-6.

Top Sesame Lignans References

1. Eposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6.

2. Osler M, Heitmann BL, Gerdes LU, Jorgensen LM, Schroll M. Dietary patterns and mortality in Danish men and women: a prospective observational study. Br J Nutr. 2001 Feb;85(2):219-25.

3. Osler M, Schroll M. Diet and mortality in a cohort of elderly people in a north European community. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;26(1):155-9.

4. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2599-608.

5. Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E. Mediterranean diet and longevity. Br J Nutr. 2000 Dec;84 Suppl 2:S205-9.

6. Trichopoulou A, Kouris-Blazos A, Wahlqvist ML, et al. Diet and overall survival in elderly people. BMJ. 1995 Dec 2;311(7018):1457-60.

7. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1433-9.

8. Lasheras C, Fernandez S, Patterson AM. Mediterranean diet and age with respect to overall survival in institutionalized, nonsmoking elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Apr;71(4):987-92.

9. Trichopoulou A, Orfanos P, Norat T, et al. Modified Mediterranean diet and survival: EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2005 Apr 30;330(7498):991.

10. Trichopoulou A, Bania C, Trichopoulou D. Mediterranean diet and survival among patients with coronary heart disease in Greece. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Apr 25;165(8):929-35.

11. Marrugat J, Covas MI, Fito M, et al. Effects of differing phenolic content in dietary olive oils on lipids and LDL oxidation—a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Jun;43(3):140-7.

12. Covas MI, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Sebastia N, de la Torre-Boronat C, Marrugat J. Virgin olive oil phenolic compounds: binding to human low density lipoprotein (LDL) and effect on LDL oxidation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2000;20(3-4):49-54.

13. O’Dowd Y, Driss F, Dang PM, et al. Antioxidant effect of hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive oil: scavenging of hydrogen peroxide but not superoxide anion produced by human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Nov 15;68(10):2003-8.

14. Visioli F, Bogani P, Grande S, Galli C. Mediterranean food and health: building human evidence. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Mar;56 Suppl 1:37-49.

15. Vissers MN, Zock PL, Leenen R, Roodenburg AJ, van Putte KP, Katan MB. Effect of consumption of phenols from olives and extra virgin olive oil on LDL oxidizability in healthy humans. Free Radic Res. 2001 Nov;35(5):619-29.

16. Visioli F, Bellomo G, Galli C. Free radical-scavenging properties of olive oil polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Jun 9;247(1):60-4.

17. Visioli F, Galli C. Oleuropein protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation. Life Sci. 1994;55(24):1965-71.

18. Masella R, Vari R, D’Archivio M, et al. Extra virgin olive oil biophenols inhibit cell-mediated oxidation of LDL by increasing the mRNA transcription of glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):785-91.

19. Kris-Etherton PM, Hecker KD, Bonanome A, et al. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med. 2002 Dec 30;113 Suppl 9B:71S-88S.

20. Simopoulos AP. The Mediterranean diets: What is so special about the diet of Greece? The scientific evidence. J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11 Suppl):3065S-73S.

21. Romero C, Brenes M, Garcia P, Garrido A. Hydroxytyrosol 4-beta-D-glucoside, an important phenolic compound in olive fruits and derived products. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jun 19;50(13):3835-9.

22. Romero C, Brenes M, Garcia P, Garcia A, Garrido A. Polyphenol changes during fermentation of naturally black olives. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Apr 7;52(7):1973-9.

23. Aviram M. Interaction of oxidized low density lipoprotein with macrophages in atherosclerosis, and the antiatherogenicity of antioxidants. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1996 Aug;34(8):599-608.

24. Mateos R, Dominguez MM, Espartero JL, Cert A. Antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds, alpha-tocopherol, and other minor components in virgin olive oil. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Nov 19;51(24):7170-5.

25. Masella R, Giovannini C, Vari R, et al. Effects of dietary virgin olive oil phenols on low density lipoprotein oxidation in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids. 2001Nov;36(11):1195-202.

26. Vissers MN, Zock PL, Katan MB. Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of olive oil phenols in humans: a review. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;58(6):955-65.

27. Lavelli V. Comparison of the antioxidant activities of extra virgin olive oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 18;50(26):7704-8.

28. de la Puerta R, Martinez-Dominguez E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. Effect of minor components of virgin olive oil on topical antiinflammatory assays. Z Naturforsch [C]. 2000 Sep-Oct;55(9-10):814-9.

29. de la Puerta R, Martinez Dominguez ME, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Flavill JA, Hoult JR. Effects of virgin olive oil phenolics on scavenging of reactive nitrogen species and upon nitrergic neurotransmission. Life Sci. 2001 Jul 27; 69(10):1213-22.

30. Wiseman SA, Tijburg LB, van de Put FH. Olive oil phenolics protect LDL and spare vitamin E in the hamster. Lipids. 2002 Nov;37(11):1053-7.

31. Owen RW, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Haubner R, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. The antioxidant/anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil. Eur J Cancer. 2000 Jun;36(10):1235-47.

32. Tuck KL, Freeman MP, Hayball PJ, Stretch GL, Stupans I. The in vivo fate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, antioxidant phenolic constituents of olive oil, after intravenous and oral dosing of labeled compounds to rats. J Nutr. 2001 Jul;131(7):1993-6.

33. Miles EA, Zoubouli P, Calder PC. Differential anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds from extra virgin olive oil identified in human whole blood cultures. Nutrition. 2005 Mar;21(3):389-94.

34. Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell. 2005 Feb 25;120(4):483-95.

35. Inoue M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Hiramoto K, Kashiwagi A, Utsumi K. Free radical theory of apoptosis and metamorphosis. Redox Rep. 2004;9(5):237-47.

36. Harman D. The free radical theory of aging. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Oct;5(5):557-61.

37. Weinbrenner T, Fito M, de la Torre R, et al. Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2314-21.

38. Fito M, Gimeno E, Covas MI, et al. Postprandial and short-term effects of dietary virgin olive oil on oxidant/antioxidant status. Lipids. 2002 Mar;37(3):245-51.

39. Gimeno E, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, et al. Effect of ingestion of virgin olive oil on human low-density lipoprotein composition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;56(2):114-20.

40. Zamaria N. Alteration of polyunsaturated fatty acid status and metabolism in health and disease. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):273-82.

41. Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):179S-88S.

42. Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004 Nov;6(6):461-7.

43. Hardman WE. n-3 fatty acids and cancer therapy. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3427S-430S.

44. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2005 Feb;21(2):131-6.

45. Guesnet P, Alessandri JM, Vancassel S, Zamaria N. Analysis of the 2nd symposium “Anomalies of fatty acids, ageing and degenerating pathologies”. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):263-71.

46. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids. 2000 Dec;35(12):1305-12.

47. Horrocks LA, Yeo YK. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Pharmacol Res. 1999 Sep;40(3):211-25.

48. Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Ellingsen I, et al. Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counseling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;81(3):583-9.

49. Nettleton JA, Katz R. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Mar;105(3):428-40.

50. Jayasooriya AP, Weisinger RS, Weisinger HS, et al. Influence of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supply on brain gene expression. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(Suppl):S77.

51. Goyens PL, Spilker ME, Zock PL, Katan MB, Mensink RP. Development of a compartmental model to quantify alpha-linolenic acid conversion after longer-term intake of multiple tracer boluses. J Lipid Res. 2005 Apr 16.

52. Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(3):159-73.

53. Ismail HM. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac protection: an overview. Front Biosci. 2005 May 1;10:1079-88.

54. Carrero JJ, Martin-Bautista E, Baro L, Fonolla J, Jimenez J, Boza JJ, et al. Cardiovascular effects of omega-3-fatty acids and alternatives to increase their intake. Nutr Hosp. 2005 Jan-Feb;20(1):63-9.

55. Bourre JM. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry. Med Sci (Paris). 2005 Feb;21(2):216-21.

56. Bourre JM. Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Psychiatry: Mood, Behaviour, Stress, Depression, Dementia and Aging. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(1):31-8.

57. Bourre JM. [The role of nutritional factors on the structure and function of the brain: an update on dietary requirements] Rev Neurol (Paris). 2004 Sep;160(8-9):767-92.

58. Singh M. Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain. Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Mar;72(3):239-42.

59. Oh R. Practical applications of fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids) in primary care. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005 Jan-Feb;18(1):28-36.

60. Seo T, Blaner WS, Deckelbaum RJ. Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular approaches to optimal biological outcomes. Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular approaches to optimal biological outcomes. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005 Feb;16(1):11-8.

61. Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Essential fatty acids and the brain: possible health implications. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2000 Jul-Aug;18(4-5):383-99.

62. Favreliere S, Perault MC, Huguet F, et al. DHA-enriched phospholipid diets modulate age-related alterations in rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Mar-Apr;24(2):233-43.

63. Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Sep-Oct;23(5):843-53.

64. Martin DS, Lonergan PE, Boland B, et al. Apoptotic changes in the aged brain are triggered by interleukin-1beta-induced activation of p38 and reversed by treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 13;277(37):34239-46.

65. Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J. 2004 Oct 20;3(1):19.

66. Lucas EA, Lightfoot SA, Hammond LJ, et al. Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation in ovariectomized Golden Syrian hamsters. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Apr;173(2):223-9.

67. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Mar;69(3):395-402.

68. Prasad K. Flaxseed: a source of hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic agents. Drug News Perspect. 2000 Mar;13(2):99-104.

69. Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Feb;136(2):367-75.

70. Dabrosin C, Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Lett. 2002 Nov 8;185(1):31-7.

71. Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol. 2000 Spring;3(2):83-7.

72. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic risk in hyperlipemic humans with flax seed supplementation: a preliminary report. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Oct;12(5):501-4.

73. Kamal-Eldin A, Pettersson D, Appelqvist LA. Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum. Lipids. 1995 Jun;30(6):499-505.

74. Matsumura Y, Kita S, Tanida Y, et al. Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. III. Protection against development and maintenance of hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998 May;21(5):469-73.

75. Noguchi T, Ikeda K, Sasaki Y, et al. Effects of vitamin E and sesamin on hypertension and cerebral thrombogenesis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2001 Nov;24(6):735-42.

76. Utsunomiya T, Shimada M, Rikimaru T, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a diet supplemented with sesamin on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Sep-Oct;50(53):1609-13.

77. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Inflammation and the degenerative diseases of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1035:104-16.

78. Larbi A, Dupuis G, Douziech N, Khalil A, Fulop T Jr. Low-grade inflammation with aging has consequences for T-lymphocyte signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1030:125-33.

79. Napoli C, Palinski W. Neurodegenerative diseases: insights into pathogenic mechanisms from atherosclerosis. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Mar;26(3):293-302.

80. Finch CE. Developmental origins of aging in brain and blood vessels: an overview. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Mar;26(3):281-91.

81. Schwartsburd PM. Age-promoted creation of a pro-cancer microenvironment by inflammation: pathogenesis of dyscoordinated feedback control. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004 Sep;125(9):581-90.

82. Weinreb O, Mandel S, Amit T, Youdim MB. Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Sep;15(9):506-16.

83. Nagatsu T, Sawada M. Inflammatory process in Parkinson’s disease: role for cytokines. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(8):999-1016.

84. Roland I, De Leval X, Evrard B, Pirotte B, Dogne JM, Delattre L. Modulation of the arachidonic cascade with omega3 fatty acids or analogues: potential therapeutic benefits. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2004 Aug;4(6):659-68.

85. Serhan CN. Novel eicosanoid and docosanoid mediators: resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005 Mar;8(2):115-21.

86. Li H, Ruan XZ, Powis SH, et al. EPA and DHA reduce LPS-induced inflammation responses in HK-2 cells: evidence for a PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanism. Kidney Int. 2005 Mar;67(3):867-74.

87. Hou RC, Huang HM, Tzen JT, Jeng KC. Protective effects of sesamin and sesamolin on hypoxic neuronal and PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Oct 1;74(1):123-33.

88. Paliga AJ, Natale DR, Watson AJ. p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) First Regulates Filamentous Actin at the 8-16 cell stage During Preimplantation Development. Biol Cell. 2005 Apr 25.

89. Jeng KC, Hou RC, Wang JC, Ping LI. Sesamin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production by suppression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. Immunol Lett. 2005 Feb 15;97(1):101-6.

90. Nakano D, Itoh C, Ishii F, et al. Effects of sesamin on aortic oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Dec;26(12):1701-5.

91. Nakano D, Itoh C, Takaoka M, Kiso Y, Tanaka T, Matsumura Y. Antihypertensive effect of sesamin. IV. Inhibition of vascular superoxide production by sesamin. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Sep;25(9):1247-9.

92. Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev. 2004 Oct;84(4):1381-478.

93. Yamashita K, Kagaya M, Higuti N, Kiso Y. Sesamin and alpha-tocopherol synergistically suppress lipid-peroxide in rats fed a high docosahexaenoic acid diet. Biofactors. 2000;11(1-2):11-3.

95. Ghafoorunissa, Hemalatha S, Rao MV. Sesame lignans enhance antioxidant activity of vitamin E in lipid peroxidation systems. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Jul;262(1-2):195-202.

95. Hemalatha S, Raghunath M, Ghafoorunissa. Dietary sesame oils inhibits iron-induced oxidative stress in rats [corrected] Br J Nutr. 2004 Oct;92(4):581-7.

* Search For This Topic

Products

* Search For This Topic

Abstracts

* Search For This Topic

Bottom References

Inflammatory Reactions

1. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2007 Apr;4(2):117-22.
2. JAMA. 2004 Feb 11;291(6):704-10.
3. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Feb;63(2):200-5.
4. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep 1;54(5):566-72.
5. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;23(1):15-39.
6. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1035:104-16. Review.
7. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79.
8. Przegl Lek. 2007;64(2):91-9.
9. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6.
10. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;26(1):155-9.
11. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2599-608.
12. Br J Nutr. 2000 Dec;84 Suppl 2:S205-9.
13. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(1):97-109.
14. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1433-9.
15. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Apr;71(4):987-92.
16. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1991S-6S.
17. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):503-9.
18. Am J Prev Med. 2005 Nov;29(4):335-46.
19. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Mar;105(3):428-40.
20. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2004 Oct;4(8):859-71.
21. Nurs Stand. 2004 Aug 11-17;18(48):38-42.
22. Cleve Clin J Med. 2004 Mar;71(3):208-10, 212, 215-8 passim.
23. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5(3):144-9.
24. Infl amm Res. 2001 Feb;50(2):102-6.
25. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):837-42.
26. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):510-7.
27. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Jun 1;1682(1-3):80-91.
28. Metabolism. 2006 Mar;55(3):381-90.
29. Anal Chim Acta. 2007 Feb 5;583(2):402-10.
30. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7609-14.
31. Lipids. 2001 Nov;36(11):1195-202.
32. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008 Feb;18(2):127-32.
33. Am J Hypertens. 2007 Jul;20(7):728-34.
34. Nutrition. 2005 Feb;21(2):131-6.
35. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008 Mar;294(3):H1365-70.
36. Clin Immunol. 2008 Jul;128(1):66-74. Epub 2008 May 14.
37. Br J Sports Med. 2004 Aug;38(4):431-5.
38. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2001;68(1):45-9.
39. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Dec;1(3):251-7.
40. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1):25-30.
41. Clin Rheumatol. 2004 Oct;23(5):410-5.
42. J Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3298S-3302S.
43. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163(12):1448-53.
44. J Nutr. 2003 Oct;133(10):3293S-3297S.
45. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Dec 1;58(11):1695-703.
46. Prev Med. 2005 Jun;40(6):910-8.
47. Folia Biol (Praha). 2007;53(5):164-72.
48. Crit Care Med. 2004 Oct;32(10):2097-103.
49. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;69(6):1783-90
50. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Sep;26(9):1283-8
51. Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Mar;72(3):239-42.
52. Rev Med Chil. 2001 Oct;129(10):1203-11.
53. Nutr Rev. 1986 Sep;44(9):285-94.
54. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001 Apr;28(4):266-70.
55. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Aug;25(8):1090-2.
56. Arch Neurol.2005 Dec;62(12):1849-53.
57. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1616-22.
58. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jul 17:1-8.
59. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Nov;39(11):1808-17
60. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar,58(3):185-91.
61. J Nutri Sci Vitaminol. 2003 Dec;49(6):442-6.
62. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):438-41.
63. J Agric Food Chem. 1981 Sep-Oct;29(5):1089-91.
64. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Apr;8(2):167-73.
65. J Herb Pharmacother. 2004;4(3):63-83.
66. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 June;47(6):1212-6.
67. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Feb;117(4):615-8.
68. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R85. Epub 2008 Jul 30.
69. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001 May;64(5):259-70.
70. Chin J Physiol. 2001 Mar 31;44(1):1-11.
71. Aging (Milano). 1997 Feb-Apr;9(1-2):12-8..
72. J Neurosci Res. 2008 Aug 1;86(10):2339-52.
73. J Biol Chem. 2005 Mar 25;280(12):11648-55.
74. Life Extension-sponsored study #1.
75. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):957-62.
76. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. 1991;22, 251,268.
77. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1996 May;29(5):643-6.
78. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Aug;51(8):1020-30.
79. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(15-16):373-8.
80. Planta Med. 2001 Jul;67(5):391-5.
81. Planta Med. 2000 Mar;66(2):110-3.
82. Eur J Med Res. 1998 Nov 17;3(11):511-4.
83. Eur J Med Res. 1997 Jan;2(1):37-43.
84. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993 Mar;38(2-3):113-9.
85. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Jun;261(3):1143-6.
86. Planta Med. 1991 Jun;57(3):203-7.
87. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 15;75(2):503-13.
88. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Sep;26(9):1342-4
89. J Nat Prod. 2002 Feb;65(2):179-83.
90. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jan;62(1):18-27.
91. Fortschr Med. 1989 Feb 10;107(4): 71-2.

The information herein is not intended to replace the medical advice of your physician. You are advised to consult with your physician with regards to matters relating to your health, and in particular regarding matters that may require diagnosis or medical attention. DO NOT stop taking medications without first consulting with your physician. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided herein is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. This information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States. Heart 2 Heart of America does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. This informational resource is designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/ or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. Heart 2 Heart of America does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Heart 2 Heart of America compiles. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.