Clinical Trials and Research
1. Fried R, Merrell WC. The Arginine Solution. New York, NY. Warner Books, 1999.
2. Coffee, C J: Metabolism. Madison, Ct: Fence Creek Publishing, 1998.pp388-389
3. Catt KJ: Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action. In Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd ed. Edited by Felig P,Baxter JD, Frohman LA. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp 138-139
4. Gerhard M, et al. Aging progressively impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans. Hypertension 1996 Apr;27(4):849-53
5. Toprakci M, et al. Age-associated changes in nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite and nitrate. Int J Clin Lab Res 2000;30(2):83-5
6. Sakuma I, et al. Identification of arginine as a precursor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988 Nov;85(22):8664-7
7.Vallance P, Moncada S. Nitric Oxide—from mediator to medicines. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1994 May-Jun;28 (3): 209-219
8. Kam PC, Govender G. Nitric oxide: basic science and clinical applications. Anaesthesia 1994 Jun;49(6): 515-21
9. Sinha G. Viagra: ups and downs. Popular Science 2000 July: page 35
10. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Kienke S, et al. Dietary L-arginine decreases myointimal cell proliferation and vascular monocyte accumulation in cholesterol-fed rabbits.Atherosclerosis 1998 Jan;136(1) 67-77
11. Cheng JW, Balwin SN. L-Arginine in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Pharmacother 2001 Jun;35(6):755-64
12. Tentolouris C, Tousoulis D, et al. L-Arginine in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep 15;75(2- 3):123-8
13. Wang B, Ho HV, et al. Regression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999;99(9):1236-41
14. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, et al. Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin. Circulation 1997; 96(4):1282-90
15. Schuschke DA, Miller FN, Lominadze DG, Feldhoff RC. L-arginine restores cholesterol-attenuated micro vascular responses in the rat cremaster. Int J Micricirc Clin Exp 1994 Jul-Aug;14(4): 204-11
16. Orlandi A, Marcellini M Spagnoli LG. Aging influences development and progression of earl aortic atherosclerosis lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasac Biol 2000 Apr;20
17. Chong PH, Bachenheimer BS. Current, New and future treatments in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Drugs 2000 Jul;60(1):55-93
18. Phivthong-ngam L, Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, et al. Dietary L-arginine normalizes endothelial induced vascular contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998 Aug;32(2): 300-7
19. Maxwell AJ, Anderson B Zapien MP, Cooke JP. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is reversed by: nutritional product designed to enhance nitric oxide activity. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000 Jun;14(3):309-16
20. Clarkson P, Adams MR, Powe AJ, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelial-dependent dilation in hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Clin Invest 1996 April; 97(8): 1989-94
21. Cooke JP, Dzau J, Creager A. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is corrected by L-arginine. Basic Res Cardiol 1991; 86 Suppl 2: 173-81
22. Fraser GE. Diet and coronary heart disease: beyond dietary fats and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 May;59(5 Suppl) 1117s-1142sand atherosclerosis. Drugs 2000 Jul;60(1):55-93
23. Quyyumi AA. Does acute improvement of endothelial dysfunction in coronary arterydisease improve myocardial ischemia? J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 Oct;32(4):904-11
24. Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, et al. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998 Jun 2;97(21):1648-9
25. Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K. Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997 Aug 1; 80(3):331-3
26. Desrois M, Sciaky M, Lan C, et al. L-arginine during long-term ischemia: effects on cardiac function, energetic metabolism and endothelial damage. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 April; 19(4): 367-76
27. Quyyumi AA, Dakak N, Dodati JG, et al. Effect of L-arginine on human coronary endothelium-dependent and physiologic vasodilation, J AM Coll Cardiol 1997 Nov 1; 30(5):1220-7
28. Egashira K, et al. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 1996;94(2):130-4
29. Tentoluris C, et al. L-arginine in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep15;75(2-3):123-8
30. Tretjakovs P, Kalnins U, Dabina I, et al. Plasma HDL-cholesterol has an effect on nitric oxide production and arachidonic production in the platelet membranes of coronary artery disease patients without LDLhypercholesterolemia. Med Sci Monitor 2000 May- Jun;6(3):507-11
31. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Galland A, Tsikas D Frolich JC. L-arginine induced vasodilatation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Nov; 46(5): 489-97
32. Khedara A, Kawai Y Kayashita J Kato N. Feeding rats the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-N(omega) nitroarginine, elevates serum triglycerides and cholesterol and lowers hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J Nutr 1996 Oct;126(10):2563-7
33. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Theil W, et al. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with Peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Col Cardiol 1998 Nov;32(5):1336-44
34. Maxwell AJ, Anderson BE Cooke JP. Nutritional therapy for peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2000;5(1):11-19
35. Hiatt WR. New treatment options in intermittent claudication: the US experience. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2001 Apr;(119):20-27
36. Creager MA. Medical management of peripheral artery disease. Cardiol Rev 2001 Jul-Aug;9(4):238-45
37. Korting GE, Smith SD, Wheeler MA, Weiss RM, Foster HE. A randomized double-blind study of oral Larginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1999 Feb; 161(2):558-65
38. Cartledge JJ, Davies AM, Eardley I. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the efficacy of L-arginine in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. BJU Int 2000 Mar; 85(4):421-6
39. Sisic D, Francishetti A, Frolich ED. Prolonged L-arginine on cardiovascular mass and myocardial hemodynamics and collagen in aged spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats. Hypertension 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):451-5
40. Higashi Y, et al. Effects of L-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in patients with mild hypertension. Hypertension1995;25(4):898-902
41. Hishikawa K, et al. Role of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in hypertension. J Hypertens 1993 Jun; 11(6):639-45
42. Dominiczak AF, Bohr DF. Nitric oxide and its’ putative role in hypertension. Hypertension 1995;25(6):1202-11
43. Nakaki T, et al. L-arginine induced hypotension. Lancet 1990Oct 20; 336(8721):1016-7
44. Braga M, Gianotti L Raedelli G, et al. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch Surg 1999 Apr;134(4):428-33
45. Ghigo E, Aimaretti G, Cornelli G, et al. Diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults. Growth Hormone IGF Res 1998 Feb;8 Suppl A:55-8
46. Wideman L Weltman JY, Patrie JY, et al. Synergy of L-arginine and GHRP-2 stimulation of growth hormone in men and women: modulation by exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000 Oct;279(4):R1467-77
47. Gianotti L, Macario M, Lanfranco F, et al. Arginine counteracts the inhibitory effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on the somatotroph responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Oct;85(10):3604-8
48. Mauras N, Walton P, Nicar M, et al. Growth hormone stimulation testing in both short and normal statured children. Pediatr Res 2000 Nov;48(5):579-80
49. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L, et al. Hypothalamic growth hormone-insulin-like growth facto-1 axis across the human life span. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13 Suppl 6:1493-502
50. Korbonits M, Kaltsas G, Perry LA, et al. The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Jul;84(7):2489-95
51. Wallace AW, Ratcliffe MB, Galindez D, Kong JS. L-arginine infusion dilates coronary vasculature in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery Aenesthesiology 1999 Jun;90(6):1577-8
52. Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, et al. Effect of high dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 1999 Feb;83(3):269-73
53. Kobayashi N, Nakamura M, Hiramori K. Effects of infusion of L-arginine on exercise-induced myocardial ischemic changes and capacity to exercise of patients with stable angina pectoris. Coron Artery Dis 1999 Jul;10(5):321-6
54. Bednarz B, Wolk R, Chamiec T, et al. Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation on exercised induced QT dispersion and exercise tolerance in stable angina pectoris.Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep 15; 75(2-3): 205-10
55. De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of arginine supplementation in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999 Aug;56(2):674-84
56. Watanabe G, Tomiyama H, Doba N. Effects of oral L-arginine on renal function in patients with heart failure. J Hypertens 2000 Feb;18(2):229-34
57. Kelly BS, Alexander JW Dreyer D, et al. Oral arginine improves blood pressure in renal transplant and hemodialysis patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001 Jul-Aug; 25(4): 194-202
58. Efron DT, Barbul A. Arginine and nutrition in renal disease. J Ren Nutr 1999 Jul;9(3):142-4
59. Reckelhoff JF, et al. Long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine prevents age related reduction in renal function. Am J Physiol 1997 Jun; 272(6 Pt 2):1768-74
60.Reyes AA, Purkerson ML, Karl L, Klahr S. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine ameliorates the progression of renal disease in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 Aug; 20(2):454-5
61. Bradley SJ, Kingwell BA, McConell GK. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces leg glucose uptake but not blood flow during dynamic exercise in humans. Diabetes 1999 Sep; 48(9):1815-21
62. De Gouw HW, Verbruggen MB, Twiss IM, Sterk PJ. Effect of oral L-arginine on airway hyper-responsiveness to histamine in asthma. Thorax 1999 Nov;54(11):1033-5
63. De Gouw HW, Marshall-Partridge SJ, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the airway response to exercise in healthy and asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 2001 Feb;90(2):586-92
64. Boer J, et al. Role of L-arginine deficiency of nitric oxide and airway hyperreactivity after allergen-induced early asthmatic reaction in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1999 Nov;128(5):1114-20
65. Blease K, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. Acute inhibition of nitric oxide exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia and C-C chemokine generation in a murinemodel of fungal asthma. Inflamm Res 2000 Jun; 49(6):297-304
66. Du J, Cui D, Tian D. [ The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of asthma.] [ Full text in Chinese] Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 1997 Jun;20(3):153-6
67. Gionotti L, Braga M, Fortis C, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial on perioperative feeding with an arginine-, omega-3 fatty acid-, and RNA enriched enteral diet: effect on host response and nutritional status. J Parenter Enteral Nutr1999 Nov- Dec;23(6):314-20
68. Efron D, Barbul A. Role of arginine in immunonutrition. J Gastroentol 2000;35 Suppl 12:20-3
69.Lewis B, Langkamp-Henken B. Arginine enhances in vivo immune responses in young, adult and aged mice. J Nutri 2000;130(7):1827-30
70. Mannick JB, et al. Nitric oxide produced by human B lymphocytes inhibits apoptosis and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Cell 1994 Dec 30;79(7):1137-46
71.Ochoa JB, et al. Effects of L-arginine on the proliferation of T-lymphocyte subpopulations. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001 Jan-Feb;25(1):23-9
72. di Luigi L, Guidetti L, Pigozzi F, et al. Acute amino acid supplementation enhances pituitary responsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Dec;31(12):1748-54
73. Lawecki J et al. Serum insulin, pancreatic glucagons and growth hormone levels in response to intravenous infusion of L-arginine in patients with recently detected juvenile diabetes. Pol Med Sci Hist Bull 1976 Apr- Jun;15(2):177-82
74. Valcenti S, et al Biphasic effect of nitric oxide on testosterone and cyclic GMP productionby purified rat Leydig cells cultured in vivo. Int J Androl 1999 Oct; 22(5):336-41
75. Stevens BR, Godfrey MD, Kaminski TW, Braith RW. High intensity dynamic human muscle performance enhanced by a metabolic intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000 Dec;32(12):2102-8
76. Piatti PM, Monti LD, Valsecchi G, et al. Long term oral L-arginine administration improves peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 MAY;24(5):875-80
77. Giugliana D, et al. Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia are reversed by L-arginine. Circulation 1997; 95(7):1783-90
78. Mohan IK, Cas UN. Effects of L-arginine-nitric oxide system on chemical induced diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Biol Med 1998 Nov 1;25(7):757-65
79. Mendez JD, Balderas F. Regulation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by exogenous L-arginine in Diabetic rats. Biochemie 2001 May;83(5):453-8
80. Kaposzta Z, et al. L-arginine and S-nitroglutathione reduce embolization in Humans. Circulation 2001;103(19):2371-75
81. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, et al. Differential inhibition of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane A 2 formation by L-arginine in vivo and in vitro. Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357:143-150
82. Wolf A, et al. Dietary L-arginine supplementation normalizes platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Mar 1; 29(3):479
83. Le Yorneau T, Van Belle E, Corseaux D, et al . Role of nitric oxide in re-stenosis after experimental balloon angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Am CollCardiol 1999 Mar;33(3):876-82
84. Janero DR, Ewing JF. Nitric Oxide and Postangioplasty re-stenosis: Pathologicalcorrelates and therapeutic potential. Free Radic Biol Med 2000 Dec 15;29(12):1199-221/login?_sid=pA9K2IlHelvFq5Sm39sxDVozX3 gt;
85. Severin P, et al. Local intramural delivery of l-arginine enhances nitric oxide generation and inhibits lesion formation after balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1997;95(7):1863-9
86. Thomas S, Ramachandran A, Patra S, et al. Nitric oxide protects the intestine from the damage induced by laparotomy and gut manipulation. J Surg Res 2001 Jul;99(1):25-32
87.Sahin AS, Atalik KE, Gunel E, Dogan N. Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic responses of the human colon smooth muscle and the role of K+channels in these responses.. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2001 Jan- Feb;23(1):13-7
88. Fini M, et al. Effect of l-lysine and L-arginine on primary osteoblast cultures from normal and osteopenic rats Biomed Pharmacother 2001 May;55(4):213-21
89. Aikawa K, Yokota T, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide-mediated relaxation and nitrinergic innervation in the rabbit prostate: the change with aging. Prostate 2001 Jun 15;48(1):40-6
90. Suematsu Y, Ohtsuka T, et al. L-Arginine given after ischemic preconditioning can enhance cardioprotection in isolated rat hearts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001, Jun;19(6):873-9
91. Koglin J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiac allograft vasculopathy-impact of nitric oxide. Z Kardiol 2000;89 Suppl 9:IX/24-7
92. Kown MH, Van Der Steenhoven T, Uemura S, et al. L-Arginine polymer mediated inhibition of graft coronary artery disease after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 2001 June 15;71(11):1542-8
93. Freedman RR, Girgis R, Mayers MD. Acute effect if nitric oxide on Raynaud’s phenomenon in scleroderma. Lancet 1999 Aug 28:354;739
94. Morric CR, Kuypers FA, et al. Patterns of arginine and nitric oxide in patients with sickle cell disease with vaso-occlusive crisis and acute chest syndrome. J Ped Hemat/Onc 2000 Nov-Dec;22(6):515-20
95. Kumar CA, Das UN. Lipid peroxides, antioxidants and nitric oxide in patients with pre-eclampsia and essential hypertension. Med Sci Monitor 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):901-7
96. Nagaya N, Uematsu M, et al. Short term oral administration of l-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001 April;163(4):887-91
97. Barbul A, et al. Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune responsesin humans. Surgery 1990 Aug;108(2):331-6; discussion 336-7
98. Kirk SJ, et al Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly humans. Surgery 1993 Aug;114(2):155-9; discussion 160
99. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J of Nutri 1998 May;128(5):797-803
100. Blum A, Cannon RO, Costello R, et al. Endocrine and lipid effects of oral L-arginine treatment in healthy postmenopausal women. J Lab Clin Med 2000 Mar;135(3):231-7
101.Ohta Y, Nishida K., Protective effect of l-arginine against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats and its relation to nitric acid-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration. Pharmacal Res 2001 Jun;43(6):535-41
102. Khattab MM, Gad MZ, Abdallah D. Protective role of nitric oxide in indomethacin- induced gastric ulceration by a mechanism independent of gastric acid secretion. Pharmacol Res 2001 May;43(5):463-7
103. Calver A, Collier J, Vallance P. Dilator actions of arginine in human peripheral vasculature. Clin Sci 1991 Nov;81(5):695-700
104. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH,et al. L-arginine induces nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in patients with critical limb ischemia. A randomized, controlled study. Circulation 1996 Jan 1; 93(1):85-90
105. Vallet B. Microthrombosis in sepsis. Minerva Anestesiol 2001 Apr;67(4):298-301.
106. Hambrecht R, et al. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Mar 1; 35(3):706-13
107. Heys SD, et al. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine: Modulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with colo-rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1997 Feb;84(2):238-41
108. Brittenden J, et al. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine in patients with breast cancer(> 4cm.) receiving multi-modality treatment: report of a feasibility study. Br J Cancer 1994 May;69(5):918-21
109. McCarty MF. Vascular nitric oxide, sex hormone replacement, and fish oil may help to prevent Alzheimer’s disease by suppressing synthesis of acute-phase cytokines. Med Hypotheses 1999 Nov;53(3):369-74
110. Tarkowski E, et al. Intrathecal release of nitric oxide in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000 Nov- Dec;11(6):322-6
111. de la Torre JC, Stefano GB. Evidence that Alzheimer’s disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000 Dec;34(3):119-36
112. Kuiper MA, et al. Decrease cerebrospinal fluid nitrate levels in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple system atrophy patients. J Neurol Sci 1994 Jan; 121(1):46-9
113. Pautler EL. The possible role and treatment of deficient microcirculation regulation in age-associated memory impairment. Med Hypotheses 1994 Jun;42(6):363-6
114. Pandhi P, Balakrishnan S. Cognitive dysfunction induced by phenytoin and valproate in rats: effect of nitric oxide. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999 Jul; 43(3):378-82
115. Pendergast MA, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition impairs delayed recall in mature monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997 Jan;56(1):81-7
116. Fideieff HL,et al. Reproducibility and safety of the arginine test in normal adults.Medicina (B Aires) 1999; 59(3):249-53
117. Fagan JM, et al. L-arginine reduces right heart hypertrophy in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 Jan 8; 254(1):100-3
118. Nitric oxide and pulmonary hypertension. Coron Artery Dis 1999 Jul; 10(5):287-94
119. Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, Passeri M, Carmosino G. Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppl:s287-94.
120. Berman M, Erman A, Ben-Gal T, Dvir D, Georghiou GP, Stamler A, Vered Y, Vidne BA, Aravot D. Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Cardiol. 2004 May;27(5):295-9.
121. Yalcin A, Kilinc E, Sagcan A, Kultursay H. Coenzyme Q10 concentrations in coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem. 2004 Aug;37(8):706-9.
122. Rosenfeldt F, Hilton D, Pepe S, Krum H. Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, Hypertension and heart failure. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):91-100.
123. Wilburn AJ, King DS, Glisson J, Rockhold RW, Wofford MR. The natural treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004 May;6(5):242-8.
124. Portakal O, Ozkaya O, Erden Inal M, Bozan B, Kosan M, Sayek I. Coenzyme Q10 concentrations and antioxidant status in tissues of breast cancer patients. Clin Biochem. 2000 Jun;33(4):279-84.
125. Quiles JL, Farquharson AJ, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Grant I, Milne L, Huertas JR, Battino M, Mataix J, Wahle KW. Coenzyme Q differentially modulates phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene expression and free radicals production in malignant and non-malignant prostate cells. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):265-70.
126. Shekelle P, Hardy ML, Coulter I, Udani J, Spar M, Oda K, Jungvig LK, Tu W, Suttorp MJ, Valentine D, Ramirez L, Shanman R, Newberry SJ. Effect of the supplemental use of antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2003 Oct;(75):1-3.
127. Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and coenzyme Q10 as a potential treatment. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2004 Aug;36(4):381-6.
128. Roffe L, Schmidt K, Ernst E. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for improved tolerability of cancer treatments: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 1;22(21):4418-24.
129. Ulm G. Differential therapy of advanced Parkinson’s disease with special reference to complementary therapeutic approaches. Schweiz Rundsch Med
Prax. 2004 Nov 3;93(45):1869-72.
130. Watts TL. Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal treatment: is there any beneficial effect? Br Dent J. 1995 Mar 25;178(6):209-13.
131. Kaikkonen J, Nyyssönen K, Tuomainen TP, et al.: Determinants of plasma coenzyme Q10 in humans. FEBS Lett 443 (2): 163-6, 1999.
132. Thibault A, Samid D, Tompkins AC, et al.: Phase I study of lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, in patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2 (3): 483-91, 1996.
133. Sena CM, Nunes E, Gomes A, Santos MS, Proença T, Martins MI, Seiça RM. Supplementation of coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol lowers glycated Hemoglobin level and lipid peroxidation in pancreas of diabetic rats. Nutr Res. 2008 Feb;28(2):113-21.
134. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5):1062-76.
135. Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem. 2000 Oct;48(10):4581-9.
136. Singh RP, Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK. Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jan 2;50(1):81-6.
137. Ignarro LJ, Cirino G, Casini A, Napoli C. Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the vascular system: an overview. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;34(6):879-86.
138. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Botti C, Sica V, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 2006 Nov;15(3):259-63.
139. Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Sumi D, de Nigris F, Napoli C. Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide. 2006 Sep;15(2):93-102.
140. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Sica V, et al. Effects of a pomegranate fruit extract rich in punicalagin on oxidation-sensitive genes and eNOS activity at sites of perturbed shear stress and atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2006 Sep 1; [Epub ahead of print].
141. de Nigris F, Williams-Ignarro S, Lerman LO, et al. Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 Mar 29;102(13):4896-901.
142. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;23(3):423-33.
143. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, Primo-Parmo SL, La Du BV. Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. A possible peroxidative role for paraoxonase. J Clin Invest. 1998 Apr 15;101(8):1581-90.
144. Aviram M, Hardak E, Vaya J, et al. Human serum paraoxonases (PON1) Q and R selectively decrease lipid peroxides in human coronary and carotid atherosclerotic lesions: PON1 esterase and peroxidase-like activities. Circulation. 2000 May 30;101(21):2510-7.
145. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Sep;158(1):195-8.
146. Malik A, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Syed DN, Mukhtar H. Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 Oct 11;102(41):14813-8.
147. Pantuck AJ, Leppert JT, Zomorodian N, et al. Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 1;12(13):4018-26.
148. Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yasui Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T. Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Sci. 2004 Jun;95(6):481-6.
149. Adams LS, Seeram NP, Aggarwal BB, Takada Y, Sand D, Heber D. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 8;54(3):980-5.
150. Seeram NP, Adams LS, Henning SM, et al. In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jun;16(6):360-7.
151. Khan N, Hadi N, Afaq F, Syed DN, Kweon MH, Mukhtar H. Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prosurvival pathways in human A549 lung carcinoma cells and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Aug 18; [Epub ahead of print].
152. Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, et al. Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica granatum) for human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002 Feb;71(3):203-17.
153. Ashoori F, Suzuki S, Zhou JH, Isshiki N, Miyachi Y. Involvement of lipid peroxidation in necrosis of skin flaps and its suppression by ellagic acid. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994 Dec;94(7):1027-37.
154. Afaq F, Saleem M, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Mukhtar H. Anthocyanin- and hydrolysable tannin-rich pomegranate fruit extract modulates MAPK and NF-kappa B pathways and inhibits skin tumorigenesis in CD-1 mice. Int J Cancer. 2005 Jan 20;113(3):423-33.
155. Hora JJ, Maydew ER, Lansky EP, Dwivedi C. Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in CD1 mice. J Med Food. 2003 Fall;6(3):157-61.
156. Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Jul;66(1):11-7.
157. Syed DN, Malik A, Hadi N, Sarfaraz S, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol. 2006 Mar-Apr;82(2):398-405.
158. Aslam MN, Lansky EP, Varani J. Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: Pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103:311-8.
159. Murthy KN, Reddy VK, Veigas JM, Murthy UD. Study on wound healing activity of punica granatum peel. J Med Food. 2004 Summer;7(2):256-9.
160. Graham HN. Green tea composition, consumption, and polyphenol chemistry. Prev Med. 1992 May;21(3):334-50.
161. Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2003 Sep;3(3):234-42.
162. Lambert JD, Yang CS. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J. Nutr. 2003 Oct;133:3262S-7S.
163. Chantre P, Lairon D. Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jan;9(1):3-8.
164. Liao S. The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Hong Kong Med J. 2001 Dec;7(4):369-74.
165. Zheng G, Sayama K, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Oguni I. Anti-obesity effects of three major components of green tea, catechins, caffeine and theanine, in mice. In Vivo. 2004 Jan-Feb;18(1):55-62.
166. Kamath AB, Wang L, Das H, Li L, Reinhold VN, Bukowski JF. Antigens in tea-beverage prime human Vgamma 2Vdelta 2 T cells in vitro and in vivo for memory and nonmemory antibacterial cytokine responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):6009-14.
167. Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, Terashima T. Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res. 1998 May;23(5):667-73.
168. Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M. Hypotensive effect of gamma-glutamylmethylamide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 1998;62(12):1065-8.
169. Lu K, Gray MA, Oliver C, et al. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004 Oct;19(7):457-65.
170. Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Unno T, Okamura N, Okai O. Inhibiting effects of theanine on caffeine stimulation evaluated by EEG in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Feb;64(2):287-93.
171. Yokogoshi H, Kato Y, Sagesaka YM, Takihara-Matsuura T, Kakuda T, Takeuchi N. Reduction effect of theanine on blood pressure and brain 5-hydroxyindoles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1995 Apr;59(4):615-8.
172. Yokozawa T, Dong E. Influence of green tea and its three major components upon low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 1997 Dec;49(5):329-35.
173. Zhang G, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Effects of dietary powdered green tea and theanine on tumor growth and endogenous hyperlipidemia in hepatoma-bearing rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Apr;66(4):711-6.
174. Sato Y, Nakatsuka H, Watanabe T, et al. Possible contribution of green tea drinking habits to the prevention of stroke. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1989 Apr;157(4):337-43.
175. Kakuda T, Yanase H, Utsunomiya K, Nozawa A, Unno T, Kataoka K. Protective effect of gamma-glutamylethylamide (theanine) on ischemic delayed neuronal death in gerbils. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Aug 11;289(3):189-92.
176. Egashira N, Hayakawa K, Mishima K, Kimura H, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Neuroprotective effect of gamma-glutamylethylamide (theanine) on cerebral infarction in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2004 Jun 3;363(1):58-61.
177. Nagasawa K, Aoki H, Yasuda E, Nagai K, Shimohama S, Fujimoto S. Possible involvement of group I mGluRs in neuroprotective effect of theanine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 16;320(1):116-22.
178. Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Sugimoto A, Niino H. Inhibition by theanine of binding of [3H]AMPA, [3H]kainate, and [3H]MDL 105,519 to glutamate receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Dec;66(12):2683-6.
179. Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of the green tea components theanine and catechins. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Dec;25(12):1513-8.
180. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Theanine, a specific glutamate derivative in green tea, reduces the adverse reactions of doxorubicin by changing the glutathione level. Cancer Lett. 2004 Aug 30;212(2):177-84.
181. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y. Theanine and glutamate transporter inhibitors enhance the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Dec 5;1653(2):47-59.
182. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Sonobe T. Improvement of idarubicin induced antitumor activity and bone marrow suppression by theanine, a component of tea. Cancer Lett. 2000 Oct 1;158(2):119-24.
183. Sugiyama T, Sadzuka Y, Nagasawa K, Ohnishi N, Yokoyama T, Sonobe T. Membrane transport and antitumor activity of pirarubicin, and comparison with those of doxorubicin. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999 Jul;90(7):775-80.
184. Sadzuka Y, Sugiyama T, Suzuki T, Sonobe T. Enhancement of the activity of doxorubicin by inhibition of glutamate transporter. Toxicol Lett. 2001 Sep 15;123(2-3):159-67.
185. Bukowski JF, Morita CT, Brenner MB. Human gamma delta T cells recognize alkylamines derived from microbes, edible plants and tea: implications for innate immunity. Immunity. 1999 Jul;11(1):57-65.
186. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen ZY. High alpha-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr. 1993 Mar;69(2):443-53.
187. Trepel F. Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Aug 31;116(15-16):511-22.
188. Nesbitt PD, Lam Y, Thompson LU. Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Mar;69(3):549-55.
189. Jansen GH, Arts IC, Nielen MW, et al. Uptake and metabolism of enterolactone and enterodiol by human colon epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005 Mar 1;435(1):74-82.
190. Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr J. 2004 Oct 20;3(1):19.
191. Lucas EA, Lightfoot SA, Hammond LJ, et al. Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation in ovariectomized Golden Syrian hamsters. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Apr;173(2):223-9.
192. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Mar;69(3):395-402.
193. Prasad K. Flaxseed: a source of hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic agents. Drug News Perspect. 2000 Mar;13(2):99-104.
194. Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. Reduction of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by CDC-flaxseed with very low alpha-linolenic acid. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Feb;136(2):367-75.
195. Dabrosin C, Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Lett. 2002 Nov 8;185(1):31-7.
196. Platt R. Current concepts in optimum nutrition for cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiol. 2000;3(2):83-7.
197. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Reducing atherogenic risk in hyperlipemic humans with flax seed supplementation: a preliminary report. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Oct;12(5):501-4.
198. Singh M. Essential fatty acids, DHA and human brain. Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Mar;72(3):239-42.
199. de Lorgeril M, Salen P. Suitability of the Mediterranean-style diet in the modern world. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;14(Suppl):S78-S83.
200. Ismail HM. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac protection: an overview. Front Biosci. 2005 May 1;10:1079-88.
201. Hardman WE. (n-3) fatty acids and cancer therapy. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3427S-30S.
202. Haggans CJ, Travelli EJ, Thomas W, Martini MC, Slavin JL. The effect of flaxseed and wheat bran consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Jul;9(7):719-25.
203. Lephart ED, Setchell KD, Lund TD. Phytoestrogens: hormonal action and brain plasticity. Brain Res Bull. 2005 Apr 15;65(3):193-8.
204. Branca F, Lorenzetti S. Health effects of phytoestrogens. Forum Nutr. 2005;(57):100-11.
205. Dixon RA. Phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2004;55:225-61.
206. Owen AJ, Abbey M. The effect of estrogens and phytoestrogenic lignans on macrophage uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins. Biofactors. 2004;20(3):119-27.
207. McCann SE, Muti P, Vito D, et al. Dietary lignan intakes and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004 Sep 1;111(3):440-3.
208. Horn-Ross PL, John EM, Canchola AJ, Stewart SL, Lee MM. Phytoestrogen intake and endometrial cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Aug 6;95(15):1158-64.
209. Jenab M, Thompson LU. The influence of flaxseed and lignans on colon carcinogenesis and beta-glucuronidase activity. arcinogenesis. 1996 Jun;17(6):1343-8.
210. Serraino M, Thompson LU. Flaxseed supplementation and early markers of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 1992 Apr 15;63(2):159-65.
211. Sung MK, Lautens M, Thompson LU. Mammalian lignans inhibit the growth of estrogen-independent human colon tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 1998 May;18(3A):1405-8.
212. Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, et al. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Feb;79(2):318-25.
213. Lord RS, Bongiovanni B, Bralley JA. Estrogen metabolism and the diet-cancer connection: rationale for assessing the ratio of urinary hydroxylated estrogen metabolites. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Apr;7(2):112-29.
214. Boccardo F, Lunardi G, Guglielmini P, et al. Serum enterolactone levels and the risk of breast cancer in women with palpable cysts. Eur J Cancer. 2004 Jan;40(1):84-9.
215. Yan L, Yee JA, Li D, McGuire MH, Thompson LU. Dietary flaxseed supplementation and experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Lett. 1998 Feb 27;124(2):181-6.
216. Chen J, Stavro PM, Thompson LU. Dietary flaxseed inhibits human breast cancer growth and metastasis and downregulates expression of insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Nutr Cancer. 2002;43(2):187-92.
217. Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Dietary phytoestrogens and vascular function in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. J Hypertens. 2004 Jul;22(7):1381-8.
218. Spence JD, Thornton T, Muir AD, Westcott ND. The effect of flax seed cultivars with differing content of alpha-linolenic acid and lignans on responses to mental stress. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):494-501.
219. Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N, Jacques H, Forest JC. Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Sep;100(3):495-504.
220. Rebouche CJ. Carnitine. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th Edition (edited by Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross, AC). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York, 1999, pp. 505-12.
221. The editors. Carnitine: lessons from one hundred years of research. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:ix-xi.
222. National Research Council. Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1989.
223. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes. 2005. http://www.iom.edu/project.asp?id=4574.
224. Stanley CA. Carnitine deficiency disorders in children. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:42-51.
225. Rebouche CJ. Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:30-41.
226. Foster DW. The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:1-16.
227. Liu J, Head E, Kuratsune H, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:117-31.
228. Brass EP, Hiatt WR. The role of carnitine and carnitine supplementation during exercise in man and in individuals with special needs. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:207-15.
229. Brass EP. Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:618S-23S.
230. Brass EP. Carnitine and sports medicine: use or abuse? Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:67-78.
231. Ames BN, Liu J. Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:108-16.
232. Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:1870-5.
233. Liu J, Killilea D, Ames BN. Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-a-lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:1876-81.
234. Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-a-lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:2356-61.
235. Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61-71.
236. Ferrari R, Merli E, Cicchitelli G, Mele D, Fucili A, Ceconi C. Therapeutic effects of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine on cardiovascular diseases: a review. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:79-91.
237. Hiatt WR. Carnitine and peripheral arterial disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:92-8.
238. Tarantini G, Scrutinio D, Bruzzi P, Boni L, Rizzon P, Iliceto S. Metabolic treatment with L-carnitine in acute anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A randomized controlled trial. Cardiology 2006;106:215-23.
239. DiNicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, Fares H, Menezes AR, O’Keefe JH. L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2013. Apr 15. [Epub ahead of print]
240. Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert D. European multicenter study on priopionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1618-24.
241. Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Hirsch AT, Cooke JP, Olin JW, Gorbunov GN, Isner J, Lukjanov YV, Tsitsiashvili MS, Zabelskaya TF, Amato A. Propionyl-L-carnitine improves exercise performance and functional status in patients with claudication. Am J Med 2001;110:616-22.
242. Brass EP, Koster D, Hiatt WR, Amato A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of propionyl-L-carnitine effects on exercise performance in patients with claudication. Vasc Med 2013;18:3-12.
243. Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, Didonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WH, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print]
244. Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P, Culliney B, Malamud S, Shaiova L, Fleishman S, Lapin J, Klein E, Lesage P, Portenoy R, Esteban-Cruciani N. L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:168-76.
245. Graziano F, Bisonni R, Catalano V, Silva R, Rovidati S, Mencarini E, Ferraro B, Canestrari F, Baldelli AM, De Caetano A, Giordani P, Testa E, Lai V. Potential role of levocarnitine supplementation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced fatigue in non-anaemic cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2002;86:1854-7.
246. Mingrone G. Carnitine in type 2 diabetes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:99-107.
247. De Gaetano A, Mingrone G, Castagneto M, Calvani M. Carnitine increases glucose disposal in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:289-95.
248. Mingrone G, Greco AV, Capristo E, Benedetti G, Giancaterini A, De Gaetano A, Gasbarrini G. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;77-82.
249. Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, Amato A. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005;28:96-101.
250. Day L, Shikuma C, Gerschenson M. Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of HIV lipoatrophy. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:139-46.
251. Ilias I, Manoli I, Blackman MR, Gold PW, Slesci S. L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of complications associated with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. Mitochondrion 2004;4:163-8.
252. Moretti S, Alesse E, Di Marzio L, Zazzeroni F, Ruggeri B, Marcellini S, Famularo G, Steinberg SM, Boschini A, Cifone MG, De Simone C. Effect of L-carnitine on human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection-associated apoptosis: a pilot study. Blood 1998;91:3817-24.
253. Di Marzio L, Moretti S, D’Alò S, Zazzeroni F, Marcellini S, Smacchia C, Alesse E, Cifone MG, De Simone C. Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects: correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation. Clin Immunol 1999;92:103-10.
254. Scarpini E, Sacilotto G, Baron P, Cusini M, Scarlato G. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of painful peripheral neuropathies in HIV+ patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 1997;2:250-2.
255. Simpson DM, Katzenstein D, Haidich B, Millington D, Yiannoutsos C, Schifitto G, McArthur J. Plasma carnitine in HIV-associated neuropathy. AIDS 2001;15:2207-8.
256.Osio M, Muscia F, Zampini L, Nascimbene C, Mailland E, Cargnel A, Mariani C. Acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of painful antiretroviral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients: an open label study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006;11:72-6.
257. De Simone C, Famularo G, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V, Moretti S, Sorice F. Carnitine depletion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AIDS: effect of oral L-carnitine. AIDS 1994;8:655-60.
258. Loignon M, Toma E. L-carnitine for the treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy-related hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected adults. AIDS 2001;15:1194-5.
259. Mauss S, Schmutz G. L-carnitine in the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome. HIV Med 2001:2:59-60.
260. Calvani M, Benatti P, Mancinelli A, D’Iddio S, Giordano V, Koverech A, Amato A, Brass EP. Carnitine replacement in end-stage renal disease and hemodialysis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:52-66.
261. Hurot J-M, Cucherat M, Haugh M, Fouque D. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:708-14.
262. Menchini-Fabris GF, Canale D, Izzo PL, Olivieri L, Bartelloni M. Free L-carnitine in human semen: its variability in different andrologic pathologies. Fertil Steril 1984;42:263-7.
263. Matalliotakis I, Koumantaki Y, Evageliou A, Matalliotakis G, Goumenou A, Koumantakis E. L-carnitine levels in the seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men: correlation with sperm quality. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2000;45:236-40.
264. Costa M, Canale D, Filicori M, D’Iddio S, Lenzi A. L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study. Italian study group on carnitine and male infertility. Andrologia 1994;3:155-9.
265. Vitali G, Parente R, Melotti C. Carnitine supplementation in human idiopathic asthenospermia: clinical results. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1995;21:157-9.
266. Vicari E, Calogero AE. Effects of treatment with carnitines in infertile patients with prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2338-42.
267. Lenzi A, Lombardo F, Sgrò P, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Dondero F, Gandini L. Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial. Fertil Steril 2003;79:292-300.
268. Ng CM, Blackman MR, Wang C, Swerdloff RS. The role of carnitine in the male reproductive system. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1033:177-88.
269. Sigman M, Glass S, Campagnone J, Pryor JL. Carnitine for the treatment of idiopathic asthenospermia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2006;in press.
270. Brass EP. Pivalate-generating prodrugs and carnitine homeostasis in man. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:589-98.
271. Hug G, McGraw CA, Bates SR, Landrigan EA. Reduction of serum carnitine concentrations during anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbital, valproic acid, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in children. J Pediatr 1991;119:799-802.
272. Castro-Gago M, Eiris-Punal J, Novo-Rodriguez MI, Couceiro J, Camina F, Rodriguez-Segade S. Serum carnitine levels in epileptic children before and during treatment with valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital. J Child Neurol 1998;13:546-9.
273. Choi MJ, Kim JH, Chang KJ. The effect of dietary taurine supplementation on plasma and liver lipid concentrations and free amino acid concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;583:235-42.
274. Wilburn AJ, King DS, Glisson J, Rockhold RW, Wofford MR. The natural treatment of Hypertension J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004 May;6(5):242.
275. Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. Jpn Circ J. 1992;56:95-9.
276. Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N, et al. Therapeutic effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: a double-blind crossover trial. Clin Cardiol. 1985;8:276-82.
277. Azuma J. Long-term effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: Preliminary report. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994;359:425-33.
278. Azuma J, Hasegawa H, Sawamura A, et al. Therapy of congestive heart failure with orally administered taurine. Clin Ther. 1983;5:398-408.
279. Striano S, Buscaino GA. [1st results on the effectcs of taurine in human epilepsy.] Acta Neurol. 1974;28:537-42.
280. Fukuyama Y, Ochiai Y. Therapeutic trial by taurine for intractable childhood epilepsies. Brain Dev. 1982;4:63-69.
281. Anon. Taurine involvement in retinal and heart muscle function. Nutr Rev. 1975;33:343-7.
282. Angelico M, Mogavero L, Baiocchi L, et al. Dissolution of human cholesterol gallstones in bile salt/lecithin mixtures: effect of bile salt hydrophobicity and various pHs. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995 Dec;30(12):1178-85.
283. Schaffer SW, Azuma J, Mozaffari M. Role of antioxidant activity of taurine in diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;87(2):91-9.
284. Kim SJ, Ramesh C, Gupta H, Lee W. Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2007;21(3-4):63-77.
285. Mas R, et al. 1999. Effects of policosanol in patients with type II hypercholetserolemia and additional coronary risk factors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 65:439-47.
286. Noa M, et al. 1995. Effect of policosanol on lipofundin-induced atherosclerotic lesions in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 47:289-91.
287. Arruzazabala ML, et al. 2000. Protective effect of policosanol on atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits with exogenous hypercholesterolemia. Braz J Med Biol Res 33:835-40.
288.Menendez R, et al. 1999. Oral administration of policosanol inhibits in vitro copper ion-induced rat lipoprotein peroxidation. Physiol Behav 67:1-7.
289.Xu XP, et al. 1999. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derive macrophages. Circulation 99:993-8.
290.Noa M, et al. 1996. Effect of policosanol on foam-cell formation in carrageenan-induced granulomas in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 48:282-5.
291.Lindstedt L, et al. 1999. matrix metalloproteinases-3, -7, and -12, but not -9, reduce high density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux from human macrophage foam cells by truncation of carboxyl terminus of apolipoprotein A-I. Parallel losses of pre-beta particles and the high affinity component of efflux. J Biol Chem 274:22627-34.
292.Noa M, et al. 1998. Effect of olicosanol on damaged arterial wall induced by forceps in rabbits. J Electron Microsc 4:629-30.
293.Negre-Aminou P, et al. 1996. Antiproliferative potencies of 6 vastatins in cultured human cells: involvement of the ras-mediated signalling pathway. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence): 120.
294.Arruzazabala ML, et al. 1997. Comparative study of policosanol, aspirin and the combination therapy policosanol-aspirin on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res 36:293-7.
295.Stusser R, et al. 1998. Long-term therapy with policosanol improves treadmill exercise-ECG testing performance of coronary heart disease patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 36:469-73.
296.Carbajal D, et al. 1998. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation and serum levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in healthy volunteers. Prost Leuk Essen Fatty Acids 58:61-4.
297.Molina V, et al. 1998. Effect of policosanol on arterial blood pressure in rats. Study of the pharmacological interaction with nifedipine and propranolol. Arch Med Res 29:21-4.
298.Carbajal D. 1998. Interaction policosanol-warfarin on bleeding time and thrombosis in rats. Pharmacol Res 38:89-91.
299.Prat H, et al. 1999. [Comparative effects of policosanol and two HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on type II hypercholesterolemia]. Published in Spanish. Rev Med Chile 127:286-94.
300.Castaño G, et al. 1998. Comparative study of policosanol, gemfibrozil and policosanol-gemfibrozil combination therapy in the treatment of type II hypercholesterolemia. Rev CENIC Cien Biol 29:17-23.
301.Aleman CL, et al. 1994. A 12-month study of policosanol oral toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Lett 70:77-87.
302.Rodriguez-echenique C, et al. 1994. Effects of policosanol chronically administered in male monkeys (Macaca arctoides). Food Chem Toxicol 32:565-75.
303.Kabir Y, et al. 1994. Distribution of radioactive octacosanol in response to exercise in rats. Nahrung 38:373-7.
304.Kabir Y, et al. 1995. Tissue distribution of (8-14C)-octacosanol in liver and muscle of rats after serial administration. Ann Nutr Metab 39:279-84.
305.Castano G, et al. 1999. a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of policosanol in patients with intermittent claudication. Angiology 50:123-30.
306.Mas R, et al. 1999.Pharmacoepidemiologic study of policosanol. Curr Ther Res 60:458-67.
307.Mas R. 2000. Policosanol. Drugs of the Future 25:569-86.
308.Alpha-lipoic acid. Monograph. Altern Med Rev. 2006 Sep;11(3):232-7.
309. Bustamante J, Lodge JK, Marcocci L, Tritschler HJ, Packer L, Rihn BH. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Apr;24(6):1023-39.
310. Tong TC, Hernandez M, Richardson WH 3rd, Betten DP, Favata M, Riffenburgh RH, Clark RF, Tanen DA. Comparative treatment of alpha-amanitin poisoning with N-acetylcysteine, benzylpenicillin, cimetidine, thioctic acid, and silybin in a murine model. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Sep;50(3):282-8. Epub 2007 Jun 7.
311. Ziegler D. Thioctic acid for patients with symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: a critical review. Treat Endocrinol. 2004;3(3):173-89.
312.Malik RA. Current and future strategies for the management of diabetic neuropathy. Treat Endocrinol. 2003;2(6):389-400.
313.Tankova T, Cherninkova S, Koev D. Treatment for diabetic mononeuropathy with alpha-lipoic acid. Int J Clin Pract. 2005 Jun;59(6):645-50.
314.Ziegler D, Gries FA. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes. 1997 Sep;46 Suppl 2:S62-6.
315.Li CJ, Zhang QM, Li MZ, Zhang JY, Yu P, Yu DM. Attenuation of myocardial apoptosis by alpha-lipoic acid through suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009 Nov 5;122(21):2580-6.
316.Lee WJ, Song KH, Koh EH, Won JC, Kim HS, Park HS, Kim MS, Kim SW, Lee KU, Park JY. Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 8;332(3):885-91.
317.Henriksen EJ. Exercise training and the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):3-12.
11. Sharma M, Gupta YK. Effect of alpha lipoic acid on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of cognitive impairment in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Aug;13(4):241-7.
318.Suchy J, Chan A, Shea TB. Dietary supplementation with a combination of alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, glycerophosphocoline, docosahexaenoic acid, and phosphatidylserine reduces oxidative damage to murine brain and improves cognitive performance. Nutr Res. 2009 Jan;29(1):70-4.
319.Dana Consortium on the therapy of HIV dementia and related cognitive disorders. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of deprenyl and thioctic acid in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cognitive impairment. Neurology 1998;50:645-51.
320.Sauer J, Tabet N, Howard R. Alpha lipoic acid for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD004244.
15. Wenzel U, Nickel A, Daniel H. alpha-Lipoic acid induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial respiration with a concomitant O2-*-generation. Apoptosis. 2005 Mar;10(2):359-68.
321.Schwartz L, Abolhassani M, Guais A, Sanders E, Steyaert JM, Campion F, Israël M. A combination of alpha lipoic acid and calcium hydroxycitrate is efficient against mouse cancer models: preliminary results. Oncol Rep. 2010 May;23(5):1407-16.
322. Ford I, Cotter MA, Cameron NE, Greaves M. The effects of treatment with alpha-lipoic acid or evening primrose oil on vascular hemostatic and lipid risk factors, blood flow, and peripheral nerve conduction in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Metabolism. 2001 Aug;50(8):868-75.
323. Konlee M. New treatments for hepatitis B and C [antigen-specific transfer for A, B & C (chisolm biologicals) and thymate]. Posit Health News. 1998 Fall;(No 17):19-21.
324.Marshall AW, Graul RS, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Treatment of alcohol-related liver disease with thioctic acid: a six month randomised double-blind trial. Gut. 1982 Dec;23(12):1088-93.
325. Altenkirch H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Wagner HM, et al. Effects of lipoic acid in hexacarbon-induced neuropathy. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990;12:619-22.
326. Logan AC, Wong C. Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Oct;6(5):450-9.
22. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001 Apr;6(2):141-66.
327. Kojima M, Sun L, Hata I, Sakamoto Y, Sasaki H, Sasaki K. Efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid against diabetic cataract in rat. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan-Feb;51(1):10-3. Epub 2007 Feb 9.
328.Filina AA, Davydova NG, Endrikhovskii SN, Shamshinova AM. [Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma] Vestn Oftalmol. 1995 Oct-Dec;111(4):6-8.
25. Femiano F, Scully C. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS): double blind controlled study of alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid) therapy. J Oral Pathol Med. 2002 May;31(5):267-9.
329. Cavalcanti DR, da Silveira FR. Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome–a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009 Mar;38(3):254-61. Epub 2009 Jan 23.
330. Zakrzewska JM, Forssell H, Glenny AM. Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD002779.
331. Jariwalla RJ, Lalezari J, Cenko D, Mansour SE, Kumar A, Gangapurkar B, Nakamura D. Restoration of blood total glutathione status and lymphocyte function following alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Mar;14(2):139-46.
332. Baur A, Harrer T, Peukert M, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. Klin Wochenschr 1991;69:722-4.
333.Rosenkranz S, Knirel D, Dietrich H, Flesch M, Erdmann E, Bohm M. Inhibition of the PDGF receptor by red wine flavonoids provides a molecular explanation for the “French paradox”. FASEB J. 2002 Dec;16(14):1958-60.
334.Criqui MH, Ringel BL. Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox? Lancet. 1994 Dec 24-31;344(8939-8940):1719-23.
335.Burr ML. Explaining the French paradox. JR Soc Health. 1995 Aug;115(4):217-9.
336.Lavayssiere R, Cabee A. MRI in France: the French paradox. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Apr;13(4):528-33.
337.Mar MH, Zeisel SH. Betaine in wine: answer to the French paradox? Med Hypotheses. 1999 Nov;53(5):383-5.
338.De Beer D, Joubert E, Gelderblom W, Manley M. Antioxidant activity of South African red and white cultivar wines: free radical scavenging. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Feb 12;51(4):902-9.
339.Cui J, Tosaki A, Cordis GA, et al. Cardioprotective abilities of white wine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 May;957:308-16.
340.Bertelli AA, Migliori M, Panichi V, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction modulation by white wine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002 May;957:295-301.
341.Available at: http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/131/1/129. Accessed April 25, 2005.
342.Available at: http://www.csu.edu.au/research/rpcgwr/research/vitstilb.htm. Accessed April 25, 2005.
343. Ariga T. The antioxidative function, preventive action on disease and utilization of proanthocyanidins. Biofactors. 2004 21(1-4):197-201.
344.Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, et al. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Gen Pharmacol. 1998 May;30(5):771-6.
345.Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W, et al. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Jun;196(1-2):99-108.
346.Deshane J, Chaves L, Sarkikonda KV, et al. Proteomics analysis of rat brain protein modulations by grape seed extract. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Dec 29;52(26):7872-83.
347.Rababah TM, Hettiarachchy NS, Horax R. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E and tert-butylhydroquinone. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Aug 11;52(16):5183-6.
348. Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y. Polyphenolics in grape seeds–biochemistry and functionality. J Med Food. 2003 Winter;6(4):291-9.
349. Hagerman A, Riedl K, Jones GA, et al. High molecular weight plant polyphenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem. 1998 46:1887-92.
350.Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V, Ursini F, Scaccini C. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 18;50(26):7720-5.
351.Choi SM, Lee BM. An alternative mode of action of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and chemoprevention. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Nov-Dec;7(6):451-63.
352. Delmas D, Jannin B, Latruffe N. Resveratrol: Preventing properties against vascular alterations and aging. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Apr 14.
353.Granieri M, Bellisarii FI, De Caterina R. Group B vitamins as new variables related to the cardiovascular risk. Ital Heart J Suppl. 2005 Jan;6(1):1-16.
354. Hannon-Fletcher MP, Armstrong NC, Scott JM, et al. Determining bioavailability of food folates in a controlled intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):911-8.
355. Weiswasser JM, Nylen E, Arora S, Wakefield M, Sidawy AN. Syndrome X and diabetes: what is the mystery? Semin Vasc Surg. 2002 Dec;15(4):216-24.
356.Al-Awwadi NA, Araiz C, Bornet A, et al. Extracts enriched in different polyphenolic families normalize increased cardiac NADPH oxidase expression while having differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in high-fructose-fed rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 12;53(1):151-7.
357. Al Awwadi NA, Bornet A, Azay J, et al. Red wine polyphenols alone or in association with ethanol prevent hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and production of reactive oxygen species in the insulin-resistant fructose-fed rat. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Sep 8;52(18):5593-7.
358.Kokavec A, Crowe SF. Effect on plasma insulin and plasma glucose of consuming white wine alone after a meal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Nov;27(11):1718-23.
359.Auger C, Teissedre PL, Gérain P, et al. Dietary wine phenolics catechin, quercetin, and resveratrol efficiently protect hypercholesterolemic hamsters against aortic fatty streak accumulation. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Mar 23;53(6):2015-21.
360. Sano T, Oda E, Yamashita T, et al. Anti-thrombotic effect of proanthocyanidin, a purified ingredient of grape seed. Thromb Res. 2005;115(1-2):115-21.
361.Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T, Demopoulos CA. Structure elucidation of phenolic compounds from red/white wine with antiatherogenic properties. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Jun 10;1632(1-3):90-9.
362.Yamakoshi J, Kataoka S, Koga T, Ariga T. Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Jan;142(1):139-49.
363.Vinson JA, Mandarano MA, Shuta DL, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and a niacin-bound chromium in a hamster atherosclerosis model. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002 Nov;240(1-2):99-103.
364.Das S, Cordis GA, Maulik N, Das DK. Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of CREB-dependent Bcl-2 signaling via adenosine A3 receptor activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Jan;288(1):H328-35.
365.Inoue H, Jiang XF, Katayama T, Osada S, Umesono K, Namura S. Brain protection by resveratrol and fenofibrate against stroke requires peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Dec 11;352(3):203-6.
366.Weinberger Z, Richter ED. Cellular telephones and effects on the brain: the head as an antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver. Med Hypotheses. 2002 Dec;59(6):703-5.
367.Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R. Comparison of FDTD-calculated specific absorption rate in adults and children when using a mobile phone at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys Med Biol. 2004 Jan 21;49(2):345-54.
368.Kundi M, Mild K, Hardell L, Mattsson MO. Mobile telephones and cancer–a review of epidemiological evidence. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Sep-Oct;7(5):351-84.
369.La Regina M, Moros EG, Pickard WF, Straube WL, Baty J, Roti Roti JL. The effect of chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA radiofrequency radiation on the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats. Radiat Res. 2003 Aug;160(2):143-51.
370. Zook BC, Simmens SJ. The effects of 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the induction or promotion of brain tumors and other neoplasms in rats. Radiat Res. 2001 Apr;155(4):572-83.
371.Leszczynski D, Joenvaara S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R. Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer-and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation. 2002 May;70(2-3):120-9.
372.Zotti-Martelli L, Peccatori M, Scarpato R, Migliore L. Induction of micronuclei in human lymphocytes exposed in vitro to microwave radiation. Mutat Res. 2000 Dec 20;472(1-2):51-8.
373.Irmak MK, Fadillioglu E, Gulec M, Erdogan H, Yagmurca M, Akyol O. Effect of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Cell Biochem Funct. 2002 Dec;20(4):279-83.
374.Stopczyk D, Gnitecki W, Buczynski A, Markuszewski L, Buczynski J. Effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA)–in vitro study. Med Pr. 2002;53(4):311-4.
375. Ilhan A, Gurel A, Armutcu F, et al. Ginkgo biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Feb;340(1-2):153-62.
376. Liu Y, Weng E, Zhang Y, Hong R. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagntic field and its combination with lead on the antioxidant system in mouse. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2002 Aug;20(4):263-5.
377.Nylund R, Leszczynski D. Proteomics analysis of human endothelial cell line EA. hy926 after exposure to GSM 900 radiation. Proteomics. 2004 May;4(5):1359-65.
378.Sharma M, Gupta Y. Chronic treatment with trans resveratrol prevents intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Life Sci. 2002 Oct 11;71(21):2489-98.
379. Savaskan E, Olivieri G, Meier F, Seifritz E, Wirz-Justice A, Muller-Spahn F. Red wine ingredient resveratrol protects from beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Gerontology. 2003 Nov-Dec;49(6):380-3.
380. Roychowdhury S, Wolf G, Keilhoff G, Bagchi D, Horn T. Protection of primary glial cells by grape seed proanthocyanidin extract against nitrosative/oxidative stress. Nitric Oxide. 2001 Apr;5(2):137-49.
381. Jang M, Pezzuto JM. Effects of resveratrol on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced oxidative events and gene expression in mouse skin. Cancer Lett. 1998 Dec 11;134(1):81-9.
382. Larsson A, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M, Pekny M. Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of old GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice. Neurochem Res. 2004 Nov;29(11):2069-73.
383.Pekny M, Johansson CB, Eliasson C, et al. Abnormal reaction to central nervous system injury in mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. J Cell Biol. 1999 May 3;145(3):503-14.
384. Wilhelmsson U, Li L, Pekna M, et al. Absence of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin prevents hypertrophy of astrocytic processes and improves post-traumatic regeneration. J Neurosci. 2004 May 26;24(21):5016-21.
385. Bongcam-Rudloff E. Studies on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Diss Abstr Int. [c] (201995) 56:445.
386. Tsuji T, Shiozaki A, Kohno R, Yoshizato K, Shimohama S. Proteomic profiling and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Res. 2002 Oct;27(10):1245-53.
387.Anga T, Koshiyama I, Fukushima D. Antioxidative properties of procyanidins B-1 and B-3 from azuki beans in aqueous systems. Agric Biol Chem. 1988 52:2717-22.
388. Saito M, Hosoyama M, Ariga T, Kataoka S, Yamaji N. Antiulcer activity of grape seed extract and procyanidins. J Agric Food Chem. 1998 March19;46(4):1460-64.
389. Mittal A, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Dietary feeding of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds prevents photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice: relationship to decreased fat and lipid peroxidation. Carcinogenesis. 2003 Aug;24(8):1379-88.
390.Ishikawa M, Maki K, Tofani I, Kimura K, Kimura M. Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract promotes bone formation in rat’s mandibular condyle. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005 Feb;113(1):47-52.
391.Shimazaki Y, Soh I, Saito T, et al. Influence of detention status on physical disability, mental impairment, and mortality in institutionalized elderly people. J Dent Res. 2001 Jan;80(1):340-5.
392.Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet. 1999 Mar 13;353(9156):878-82.
393. Mizutani K, Ikeda K, Kawai Y, Yamori Y. Resveratrol stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Dec 30;253(3):859-63.
394.Mizutani K, Ikeda K, Kawai Y, Yamori Y. Resveratrol attenuates ovariectomy-induced hyypertension and bone loss in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2000 Apr;46(2):78-83.
395. Carini M, Aldini G, Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P, Maffei Facino R. UVB-induced hemolysis of rat erythrocytes: protective effect of procyanidins from grape seeds. Life Sci. 2000 Sep 1;67(15):1799-814.
396.Katic M, Kahn CR. The role of insulin and IGF-1 signaling in longevity. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 Feb;62(3):320-43.
397. Solari F, Bourbon-Piffaut A, Masse I, Payrastre B, Chan AM, Billaud M. The human tumour suppressor PTEN regulates longevity and dauer formation in Caenohabditis elegans. Oncogene. 2005 Jan 6;24(1):20-7.
398.Preuss HG, Montamarry S, Echard B, Scheckenbach R, Bagchi D. Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Jul;223(1-2):95-102.
399.Preuss HG. Effects of glucose/insulin perturbations on aging and chronic disorders of aging: the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Oct;16(5):397-403.
400. Vogels N, Nijs IM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The effect of grape-seed extract on 24 h energy intake in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;58(4):667-73.
401.Pinent M, Blay M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L, Ardevol A. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptoxotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines. Endocrinology. 2004 Nov;145(11):4985-90.
402.Pinent M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L, Ardevol A. Intracellular mediators of procyanidin-induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jan 26;53(2):262-6.
403. Fan PH, Lou HX. Isolation and structure identification of grape seed polyphenols and its effects on oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Nov;39(11):869-75.
404. Carlo G, Schram M. Cell Phones: Invisible Hazards in the Wireless Age: An insider’s Alarming Discoveries about Cancer and Genetic Damage. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers; 2001.
405. Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R. Micronucleus induction after whole-body microwave irradiation of rats. Mutat Res. 2002 Nov 26;521(1-2):73-9.
406.75. Goswami PC, Albee LD, Parsian AJ, et al. Proto-oncogene mRNA levls and activities of multiple transcription factors in C3H 10T 1/2 murine embryonic fibroblasts exposed to 835.62 and 847.74 MHz cellular phone communication frequency radiation. Radiat Res. 1999 Mar;151(3):300-9.
407.Aleppo G et al. Chronic glyceryl-phosphorylcholine increases inositol phosphate formation in brain slices and neuronal cultures. Pharmacol Toxicol 1994; 74:95-100.
408. Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Nov 22; [Epub ahead of print].
409. Murav’ev IuV, Venikova MS, Pleskovskaia GN, et al. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on a destructive process in the joints of mice with spontaneous arthritis. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter.1991;2:37–39.
410. McCabe D, O’Dwyer P, Sickle-Santanello B, et al. Polar solvents in the chemoprevention of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary cancer. Arch Surg. 1986;121:1455–1459.
411. O’Dwyer PJ, McCabe DP, Sickle-Santanello BJ, et al. Use of polar solvents in chemoprevention of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Cancer. 1988;62:944–948.
412. Ebisuzaki K. Aspirin and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM): a search for common mechanisms, with implications for cancer prevention. Anticancer Res. 2003 Jan-Feb;23(1A):453-8.
413. Parcell S. Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Feb;7(1):22-44.
414. Barrager E, Veltmann JR Jr, Schauss AG, Schiller RN. A multicentered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Jun;8(3):229.
415. Towheed TE, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Welch V, Hochberg MC. Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001(1):CD002946.
416. Hochberg MC. What a difference a year makes: reflections on the ACR recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2001; Dec;3(6):473-8.
417. Bruyere O, Pavelka K, Rovati LC, Deroisy R, Olejarova M, Gatterova J, Giacovelli G, Reginster JY. Glucosamine sulfate reduces osteoarthritis progression in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: evidence from two 3-year studies. menopause. 2004 Mar-Apr;11(2):138-43.
418. Pavelka K, Gatterova J, Olejarova M, Machacek S, Giacovelli G, Rovati LC. Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Oct 14;162(18):2113-23.
419. Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, Lee RL, Lejeune E, Bruyere O, Giacovelli G, Henrotin Y, Dacre JE, Gossett C. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2001 Jan 27;357(9252):251-6.
420. Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, Bannwarth B, Bijlsma J, Gunther KP, Hauselmann HJ, Herrero-Beaumont G, Jordan K, Kaklamanis P, Leeb B, Lequesne M, Lohmander S, Mazieres B, Martin-Mola E, Pavelka K, Pendleton A, Punzi L, Swoboda B, Varatojo R, Verbruggen G, Zimmermann-Gorska I, Dougados M. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis – report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Oct 7 [Epub ahead of print].
421.Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670-6.
422. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, et al. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12:84-92.
423. White E, Shannon JS, Patterson RE. Relationship between vitamin and calcium supplement use and colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6:769-74.
424.Kirchhoff P, Geibel JP. Role of calcium and other trace elements in the gastrointestinal physiology. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 May 28;12(20):3229-36.
425.Bendich A. The potential for dietary supplements to reduce premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. J Am Coll Nutrition. 2000;19:3-12.
426.Bertone-Johnson ER, Hankinson SE, Bendich A, et al. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1246-52.
427. Maton PN, Burton ME. Antacids revisited: a review of their clinical pharmacology and recommended therapeutic use. Drugs. 1999;57:855-70.
428.Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:77-84.
429. Maton PN, Burton ME. Antacids revisited: a review of their clinical pharmacology and recommended therapeutic use. Drugs. 1999;57:855-70.
430. McGarry KA, Kiel DP. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Strategies for preventing bone loss, avoiding fracture. Postgrad Med. 2000;108:79-82, 85-88, 91.
431. Bryant RJ, Cadogan J, Weaver CM. The new dietary reference intakes for calcium: implications for osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18:406S-412S.
432.Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670-6.
433.Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1637-42.
434.Minne HW, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces falls in elderly women via improvement of body sway and normalization of blood pressure: a prospective, randomized, and double-blind study. Abstracts World Congress on Osteoporosis 2000.
435. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:257-64.
436. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285:785-95.
437. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Ostoporosis. Universal Recommendations for All Patients. Available at: http://www.nof.org/physguide/universal_recommendations.htm#adequate. (Accessed 14 May 2005)
438.Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:370-8.
439.Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:2257-64.
440.Boonen S, Body JJ, Boutsen Y, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:239-54.
441.Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:560-9
442.Brody JE. Hard facts of hypertension elude too many. New York Times. June 25, 2004.
443.Kaplan NM. Hypertension in the population at large. In: Clinical Hypertension. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1998.
444.Rakel RE. Conn’s Current Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company; 1993.
445.Sixth report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Nov 24;157(21):2413-46.
446.Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-52. Epub 2003 Dec 01.
447.Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 17;336(16):1117-24.
448.Bloom BS. Daily regimen and compliance with treatment. BMJ. 2001 Sep 22;323(7314):647.
449.Reyes AJ, Alcocer, L. Minding magnesium while treating essential hypertension with diuretics. In: Theophanides T, Anastassopoulou J. Magnesium: Current Status and New Developments: Theoretical, Biological, and Medical Aspects. 1st ed. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1997.
450.Sheehan JP, Seelig MS. Interactions of magnesium and potassium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Magnesium. 1984;3(46):30114.
451.Facts About Dietary Supplements (2001). NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health. March 2001.
452.Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency: a cause of heterogeneous disease in humans. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Apr;13(4):749-58.
453.Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons; 1996.
454.Cohen JS. High-dose oral magnesium in the treatment of chronic, intractable erythromelalgia. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Feb;36(2):255-60.
455. Iseri LT, French JH. Magnesium: nature’s physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J. 1984 Jul;108(1):18893.
456.Leppert J, Myrdal U, Hedner T, Edvinsson L, Tracz Z, Ringqvist I. Effect of magnesium sulfate infusion on circulating levels of noradrenaline and neuropeptide-Y-like immunoreactivity in patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Angiology. 1994 Jul;45(7):637-45.
457.Latner AW. 34th annual top 200 drugs. Pharmacy Times. April 1999.
458. Cohen JS. OverDose: The Case Against the Drug Companies. New York, NY: Tarcher/Putnam; 2001.
459. Rogers SA. Tired or Toxic? A Blueprint for Health. Syracuse, NY: Prestige Publishing; 1990.
460. Altura BM, Altura BT. Magnesium in cardiovascular biology. Scientific American Science & Medicine. May/June 1995:28-37.
461. Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of hypertension updated: relationship to its actions on cardiac, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995.
462.. Motoyama T, Sano H, Fukuzaki H. Oral magnesium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1989 Mar;13(3):22732.
463. Widman L, Wester PO, Stegmayr BK, Wirell M. The dosedependent reduction in blood pressure through administration of magnesium. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Hypertens. 1993 Jan;6(1):41-5.
464. Sanjuliani AF, de Abreu Fagundes VG, Francischetti EA. Effects of magnesium on blood pressure and intracellular ion levels of Brazilian hypertensive patients. Int J Cardiol. 1996 Oct 11;56(2):177-83.
465. Itoh K, Kawasaka T, Nakamura M. The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Br J Nutr. 1997 Nov;78(5):737-50.
466.Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension. 1998 Aug;32(2):2605.
467.Dyckner T, Wester PO. Effect of magnesium on blood pressure. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983 Jun 11;286(6381):1847-9.
468.Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, Derkx FH, Bouillon R, de Bruijn AM, Hofman A. Reduction of blood pressure with oral mag- nesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Jul;60(1):129-35.
469.Seelig MS, Rosanoff A. The Magnesium Factor. New York, NY: Avery Publishers; 2003.
470. Johnson S. The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency. Med Hypotheses. 2001 Feb;56(2):16370.
471.Galan P, Preziosi P, Durlach V, et al. Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult popula- tion. In: Theophanides T, Anastassopoulou J. Magnesium: Current Status and New Developments: Theoretical, Biological, and Medical Aspects. 1st ed. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1997.
472.Cohen JS. Dose discrepancies between the Physicians’ Desk Reference and the medical literature, and their possible role in the high incidence of dose-related adverse drug events. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Apr 9;161(7):957-64.
473.Cohen JS. Adverse drug effects, compliance, and the initial doses of antihypertensive drugs recommended by the Joint National Committee vs. the Physicians’ Desk Reference. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Mar 26;161(6):880-5
474.Pham DQ, Plakogiannis R. Vitamin E supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, tardive dyskinesia, and cataract: Part 2. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;39(12):2065-72.
475.Kamat CD, Gadal S, Mhatre M, Williamson KS, Pye QN, Hensley K. Antioxidants in central nervous system diseases: preclinical promise and translational challenges. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008 Nov;15(3):473-93.
476.Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet. 1996 Mar 23;347(9004):781-6.
477.Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328:1444-9.
478.Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328:1450-6.
479.Hak AE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM, Willett W, Ma J. Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols and risk of myocardial infarction in a low-risk population of US male physicians. Circulation. 2003 Aug 19;108(7):802-7.
480.Saremi A, Arora R. Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Ther. 2009 May 15. [Epub ahead of print]8. Sleight P. The HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation). J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000 Mar;1(1):18-20.
481.Bosch J, Lonn E, Pogue J, Arnold JM, Dagenais GR, Yusuf S; HOPE/HOPE-TOO Study Investigators. Long-term effects of ramipril on cardiovascular events and on diabetes: results of the HOPE study extension. Circulation. 2005 Aug 30;112(9):1339-46.
482.Rautalahti MT, Virtamo JR, Taylor PR, et al. The effects of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of the pancreas in a randomized, controlled trial. Cancer 1999;86:37-42.
483.Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL. A Prospective Study on Supplemental Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Colon Cancer in Women and Men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Nov;11(11):1298-304.
484.Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Jul 6;294(1):56-65.
485. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Buring JE. Vitamin E and age-related cataract in a randomized trial of women. Ophthalmology. 2008 May;115(5):822-829.
486.Evans JR, Henshaw K. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD000253.
487.Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG, Fonk HC, Doekes G, von Blomberg BM, Kok FJ. Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1273-81.
488.Placzek M, Gaube S, Kerkmann U, Gilbertz KP, Herzinger T, Haen E, Przybilla B. Ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in human epidermis is modified by the antioxidants ascorbic acid and D-alpha-tocopherol. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Feb;124(2):304-7.
489.Geva E, Bartoov B, Zabludovsky N, Lessing JB, Lerner-Geva L, Amit A. The effect of antioxidant treatment on human spermatozoa and fertilization rate in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 1996 Sep;66(3):430-4.
490.Suleiman SA, Ali ME, Zaki ZM, el-Malik EM, Nasr MA. Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: protective role of vitamin E. J Androl. 1996 Sep-Oct;17(5):530-7.
491.Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 20;342(3):154-60.
492.Motoyama T, Kawano H, Kugiyama K, Hirashima O, Ohgushi M, Tsunoda R, Moriyama Y, Miyao Y, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Yasue H. Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Nov 15;32(6):1672-9.
493.Michaelsson G, Edqvist L. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase treatment. Acta Derm Venerol. 1984;64:9-14.
494.Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2335-42.
495.Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, et al. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br J Urol. 1998 May;81(5):730-4.
496.Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY Alberg AJ, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:2018-23.
497.Knekt P, Aromaa A, Matela J. Serum vitamin E level and risk of cancer among Finnish men during a 10-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;127:28-41
498. Hazen S, Cowan E, eds. Diet, nutrition and periodontal disease. Chicago. Am Soc Prev Dent, 1975.
27. Kim JE, Shklar G. The effect of vitamin E on the healing of gingival wounds in rats. J Periodontol. 1983;54:305-8.
499. Carranza F. Glickman’s clinical periodontology, ed. 6. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984.
500. Cohen RE, Ciancio SG, Mather ML, Curro FA. Effect of vitamin E gel, placebo gel and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease. Clin Prev Dent. 1991 Sep-Oct;13(5):20-4.
501. Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K, Aoyama H. Association of total tooth loss with smoking, drinking alcohol and nutrition in elderly Japanese: analysis of national database. Gerodontology. 2007 Jun;24(2):87-92.
502. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons:epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:190-6.
503. Morisco F, Vitaglione P, Carbone A, Stingo S, Scarpati S, Ascione A, Marmo R, Fogliano V, Caporaso N. Tomato-based functional food as Interferon adjuvant in HCV eradication therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Jul;38(6 Suppl):S118-20.
504. Coon JT, Ernst E. Complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2004 Mar;40(3):491-500.
505.Ota Y, Sasagawa T, Suzuki K, Tomioka K, Nagai A, Niiyama G, Kawanaka M, Yamada G, Okita M. Vitamin E supplementation increases polyunsaturated fatty acids of RBC membrane in HCV-infected patients. Nutrition. 2004 Apr;20(4):358-63.
506. Edmonds SE, Winyard PG, Guo R, et al. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo controlled double blind trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 Nov;56(11):649-55.
507. Cerhan JR, Saag KG, Merlino LA, et al. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 15;157(4):345-54.
508. Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Dec;35(12):2463-6.
509. Sarandöl E, Taş S, Dirican M, Serdar Z. Oxidative stress and serum paraoxonase activity in experimental hypothyroidism: effect of vitamin E supplementation. Cell Biochem Funct. 2005 Jan-Feb;23(1):1-8.
510. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, Woodbury P, Growdon J, Cotman CW, Pfeiffer E, Schneider LS, Thal LJ. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 24;336(17):1216-22.
511. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, Bennett D, Doody R, Ferris S, Galasko D, Jin S, Kaye J, Levey A, Pfeiffer E, Sano M, van Dyck CH, Thal LJ; Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Group. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 9;352(23):2379-88.
512. Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, He Q, Wu SY, Schoenfeld E, Friend J, Wolfe J. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities: the longitudinal study of cataract. Ophthalmology. 1998 May;105(5):831-6.
513. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001 Oct;119(10):1417-36.
514. Machlin LJ. Use and safety of elevated dosages of vitamin E in adults. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989;30:56-68.
515.Ludwig CU, Stoll HR, Obrist R, Obrecht JP. Prevention of cytotoxic drug induced skin ulcers with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and alpha-tocopherole. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987 Mar;23(3):327-9.
516. Pace A, Savarese A, Picardo M, Maresca V, Pacetti U, Del Monte G, Biroccio A, Leonetti C, Jandolo B, Cognetti F, Bove L. Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 1;21(5):927-31.
517.Németh I, Túri S, Haszon I, Bereczki C. Vitamin E alleviates the oxidative stress of erythropoietin in uremic children on hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000 Jan;14(1):13-7.
518.Cristol JP, Bosc JY, Badiou S, et al. Erythropoietin and oxidative stress in haemodialysis: beneficial effects of vitamin E supplementation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:2312-7.
519. Pathak A, Roth P, Piscitelli J, Johnson L. Effects of vitamin E supplementation during erythropoietin treatment of the anaemia of prematurity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003;88:F324-8.
520.Gao J, Gao X, Li W, Zhu Y, Thompson PJ. Observational studies on the effect of dietary antioxidants on asthma: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2008 Jun;13(4):528-36. Epub 2008 Apr 10
521. Dou M, Ma AG, Wang QZ, Liang H, Li Y, Yi XM, Zhang SC. Supplementation with magnesium and vitamin E were more effective than magnesium alone to decrease plasma lipids and blood viscosity in diabetic rats.
522.Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Barbieri M et al. Chronic vitamin E administration improves brachial reactivity and increases intracellular magnesium concentration in type II diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:109-115.
523. Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP et al. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1245-1251.
53. Tutuncu NB, Bayraktar M, Varli K, Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a preliminary study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1915-1918.
524.Wadleigh RG, Redman RS, Graham ML et al. Vitamin E in the treatment of chemotherapy induced mucositis. Am J Med 1992;92:481-484.
525.Linder MC. Nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, with clinical applications, 2nd ed. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1991.
526.Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB et al. Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin # in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:311-318.
527.Kim JM, White RH, Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:545-546.
58. Ziaei S, Faghihzadeh S, Sohrabrand F, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of vitamin # in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Br J Ob Gyn 2001;108:1181-1183.
528.Zaman Z, Roche S, Fielden P, et al. Plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E and carotenoids in Alzheimer’s disease. Age Ageing. 1992 Mar;21(2):91-4.
529.Wolf George. A History of Vitamin A and Retinoids. FASEB J. July 1996;10:1102-1107
530.Guven M, Aladag I, Eyibilen A, Filiz NO, Ozyurt H, Yelken K. Experimentally induced acute sinusitis and efficacy of vitamin A. Acta Otolaryngol. 2007 Aug;127(8):855-60.
531.Kim EC, Choi JS, Joo CK. A Comparison of Vitamin A and Cyclosporine A 0.05% Eye Drops for Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct 8.
532.Paiva SA, Godoy I, Vannucchi H, Fávaro RM, Geraldo RR, Campana AO. Assessment of vitamin A status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and healthy smokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Dec;64(6):928-34.
533.Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Mar 17;91(6):547-56.
534.Pastorino U, Infante M, Maioli M, Chiesa G, Buyse M, Firket P, Rosmentz N, Clerici M, Soresi E, Valente M, et al. Adjuvant treatment of stage I lung cancer with high-dose vitamin A. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jul;11(7):1216-22.
535. Di Febo A, Laurenti L, Falcucci P, Tosti ME, Fianchi L, Pagano L, Leone G. All-trans retinoic acid in association with low dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeoid leukemia in elderly patients. Am J Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;14(4):351-5.
536.Xin L, Wan-jun S, Zeng-jun L, Yao-zhong Z, Yun-tao L, Yan L, Chang-chun W, Qiao-chuan L, Ren-chi Y, Ming-zhe H, Jian-xiang W, Lu-gui Q. A survival study and prognostic factors analysis on acute promyelocytic leukemia at a single center. Leuk Res. 2007 Jun;31(6):765-71. Epub 2006 Sep 27
537. Lens M, Medenica L. Systemic retinoids in chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;9(8):1363-74.
538.Alberts D, Ranger-Moore J, Einspahr J, Saboda K, Bozzo P, Liu Y, Xu XC, Lotan R, Warneke J, Salasche S, Stratton S, Levine N, Goldman R, Islas M, Duckett L, Thompson D, Bartels P, Foote J. Safety and efficacy of dose-intensive oral vitamin A in subjects with sun-damaged skin. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Mar 15;10(6):1875-80
539.Block KI, Koch AC, Mead MN, Tothy PK, Newman RA, Gyllenhaal Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic efficacy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007 Aug;33(5):407-18.
540.Brelsford M, Beute TC. Preventing and managing the side effects of isotretinoin. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008 Sep;27(3):197-206
541.Kowalski TE, Falestiny M, Furth E, Malet PF Vitamin A hepatotoxicity: a cautionary note regarding 25,000 IU supplements. Am J Med. 1994 Dec;97(6):523-8.
542.Kwon OS, Pyo HK, Oh YJ, Han JH, Lee SR, Chung JH, Eun HC, Kim KH Promotive effect of minoxidil combined with all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) on human hair growth in vitro J Korean Med Sci. 2007 Apr;22(2):283-9
543. [No authors listed] Promising treatment for folliculitis. Posit Aware. 1996 Jan-Feb;7(1):6
544. Wicke C, Halliday B, Allen D, Roche NS, Scheuenstuhl H, Spencer MM, Roberts AB, Hunt TK. Effects of steroids and retinoids on wound healing. Arch Surg. 2000 Nov;135(11):1265-70.
545. Hunt TK. Vitamin A and wound healing. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Oct;15(4 Pt 2):817-21.
18. Kasper H, Brodersen M, Schedel R Concentration of vitamin A, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in serum in response to stress: A contribution to the prevention of stress ulcers by means of vitamin A. Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg). 1975 Dec;22(6):403-8.
546.Katsambas A, Dessinioti C. New and emerging treatments in dermatology: acne. Dermatol Ther. 2008 Mar-Apr;21(2):86-95
547.Chaudhary LR, Hutson JC, Stocco DM. Effect of retinol and retinoic acid on testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989 Jan 31;158(2):400-6.
548.Appling DR, Chytil F. Evidence of a role for retinoic acid (vitamin A-acid) in the maintenance of testosterone production in male rats. Endocrinology 1981 Jun;108(6):2120-4.
549. Reifen R. Vitamin A as an anti-inflammatory agent. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 Aug;61(3):397-400.
550. Higueret P, Pailler I, Garcin H Vitamin A deficiency and tri-iodothyronine action at the cellular level in the rat. J Endocrinol. 1989 Apr;121(1):75-9
551.Christian P, Khatry SK, Yamini S, Stallings R, LeClerq SC, Shrestha SR, Pradhan EK, West KP Jr Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1045-51.
25. Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. Prospective study of diet and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1;145(1):42-50.
552.Chytil F. Function of vitamin A in the respiratory tract. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1985;7 Suppl:27-31.
553. A N Main, P R Mills, R I Russell, J Bronte-Stewart, L M Nelson, A McLelland, and A Shenkin. Vitamin A deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 1983 December; 24(12): 1169–1175.
554. Romand R, Dollé P, Hashino E. Retinoid signaling in inner ear development. J Neurobiol. 2006 Jun;66(7):687-704
555. Verfaille CJ, Borgers M, van Steensel MA. Retinoic acid metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs): a new paradigm in the treatment of hyperkeratotic disorders J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 May;6(5):355-64.
556. Turjanmaa K, Reunala T Isotretinoin treatment of rosacea. Acta Derm Venereol. 1987;67(1):89-91
557. High KP, Legault C, Sinclair JA, et al. Low plasma concentrations of retinol and alpha-tocopherol in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: the effect of mucositis and the risk of infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1358-66
558. Wolf JS Jr, Soble JJ, Ratliff TL, Clayman RV. Ureteral cell cultures II: Collagen production and response to pharmacologic agents. J Urol. 1996 Dec;156(6):2067-72.
559.Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2000;10:450-6.
560.Backes JM, Gibson CA. Effect of Lipid-Lowering Drug Therapy on Small-Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein (March). Ann Pharmacother. 2005 Jan 25; [Epub ahead of print]
561.Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES. Efficacy and safety of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-increasing compounds: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jan 18;45(2):185-97.
562.Hexeberg S, Retterstol K. Hypertriglyceridemia–diagnostics, risk and treatment. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2004 Nov 4;124(21):2746-9.
563.Veverka A, Jolly JL. Recent advances in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2004 Nov;2(6):877-89.
564.Canner PL, Furberg CD, Terrin ML, McGovern ME. Benefits of niacin by glycemic status in patients with healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project). Am J Cardiol. 2005 Jan 15;95(2):254-7.
565.Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Lee JK, Grace KA. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation. 2004 Dec 7;110(23):3512-7. Epub 2004 Nov 10.
566.Meyers CD, Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis. Niacin therapy in atherosclerosis.
567.Spratt KA, Denke MA. Utility of currently available modes of therapy in reaching lipid goals. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2004 Sep;104(9 Suppl 7):S14-6.
568.Whitney EJ, Krasuski RA, Personius BE, Michalek JE, Maranian AM, Kolasa MW, Monick E, Brown BG, Gotto AM Jr. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 18;142(2):95-104.
569.Fiske S, Fox LP, Cavusoglu M. Beneficial effects of vitamin A niacin and riboflavin in the management of certain types of vascular conditions. Med Times. 1962 Oct;90:1055-64.
570.Birjmohun RS, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJ, Stroes ES. Increasing HDL cholesterol with extended-release nicotinic acid: from promise to practice. Neth J Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;62(7):229-34.
571.Rosenson RS, Reasner CA. Therapeutic approaches in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004 Sep;19(5):480-7.
572.Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Scherr PA, Tangney CC, Hebert LE, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, Aggarwal N. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and of cognitive decline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;75(8):1093-9
573.Researchers study effect of niacin on Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clin Womens Healthsource. 2005 Jan;9(1):3.
574.Prousky J, Seely D. The treatment of migraines and tension-type headaches with intravenous and oral niacin (nicotinic acid): systematic review of the literature. Nutr J. 2005 Jan 26;4(1):3.
575.Fraunfelder FW. Ocular side effects from herbal medicines and nutritional supplements. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Oct;138(4):639-47.
576.Kelly GS. Nutritional and botanical interventions to assist with the adaptation to stress. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Aug;4(4):249-65.
577.Gaby, AR. Intravenous nutrient therapy: the “Myers’ cocktail.” Altern Med Rev. 2002 Oct;7(5):389-403.
578.Maggi GC, Donati C, Criscuoli G. Pantethine: a physiological lipomodulating agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemias. Curr Ther Res. 1982;32:380-6.
579.Angelica M, Pinto G, Ciaccheri C, et al. Improvement in serum lipid profile in hyperlipoproteinemia patients after treatment with pantethine: a cross-over double-blind trial versus placebo. Curr Ther Res. 1983;33:1091-7.
580.Gaddi A, Descovich GC, Noseda G, et al. Controlled evaluation of pantethine, a natural hypolipidemic compound, in patients with different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis. 1984;50:73-83.
581.Murai A, Miyahara T, Tanaka T, et al. The effects of pantethine on lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in survivors of cerebral infarction. Artery. 1985;12:234-43.
582.Prisco D, Rogasi PG, Matucci M, et al. Effect of oral treatment with pantethine on platelet and plasma phospholipids in IIa hyperlipoproteinemia Angiology. 1987;38:241-7.
583.Agrati AM, Ambrosi G, Ferraro G, Palmieri. Gemfibrozil efficacy vs. pantethine in dyslipoproteinemic patients: a controlled study. Curr Ther Res. 1989;45:650-63.
584.Arsenio L, Bodria P, Magnati G, et al. Effectiveness of long-term treatment with pantethine in patients with dyslipidemia. Clin Ther. 1986;8:537-45.
585.Pins JJ, Keenan JM. Dietary and nutraceutical options for managing the hypertriglyceridemic patient. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006 Spring;21(2):89-93.
586. Da Col PG, Cattin L, Fonda M, et al. Pantethine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: a randomized double-blind trial versus tiadenol. Curr Ther Res. 1984;36:314-22.
587. Rubba P, Postaiglione B, De Simone F, et al. Comparative evaluation of the lipid-lowering effects of fenofibrate and pantethine in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Curr Ther Res. 1985;38:719-27.
588. Agrati AM, Ambrosi G, Ferraro G, Palmieri. Gemfibrozil efficacy vs pantethine in dyslipoproteinemic patients: a controlled study. Curr Ther Res. 1989;45:650-63.
589. Barton-Wright EC, Elliott WA. The pantothenic acid metabolism of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1963;ii:862-3.
590.General Practitioner Research Group. Calcium pantothenate in arthritic conditions. Practitioner. 1980;224:208-11.
591. McKevoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
592.Adachi S, et al. 2000. Enteral vitamin B12 supplements reverse postgastrectomy B12 deficiency. Ann Surg 232:199-201.
593.Akaike A, et al. 1993. Protective effects of a vitamin B12 analog, methylcobalamin, against glutamate cytotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. Eur J Pharm 241:1-6.
594.Aytemir K, et al. 2000. Assessment of autonomic nervous system functions in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 23:975-78.
595.Baik HW, et al. 1999. Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly. Annu Rev Nutr 19:357-77.
596.Eastley R, et al. 2000. Vitamin B12 deficiency in dementia and cognitive impairment: the effects of treatment on neuropshychological function. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:226-33.
597.Fenech M. 1999. Micronucleus frequency in human lymphocytes is related to plasma vitamin B12 and homocysteine. Muta Res 428:299-304.
598.Freeman AG. 1992. Cyanocobalamin–a case for withdrawal: discussion paper. J Royal Soc Med 85:686-7.
599.Haddad EH, et al. 1999. Dietary intake and biochemical, hematologic and immune status of vegans compared with nonvegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 70(3 suppl):586S-93S.
600.Kaptan K, et al. 2000. Helicobacter pylori–is it a novel causative agent in vitamin B12 deficiency? Arch Intern Med 160(9):1349-53.
601.Kikuchi M, et al. 1997. Protective effects of methylcobalamin, a vitamin B12 analog, against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in retinal cell culture. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 38:848-54.
602.Kuwabara S, et al. 1999. Intravenous methylcobalamin treatment for uremic and diabetic neuropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients. Intern Med 38:472-5.
603.Laine L, et al. 2000. Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:651-68.
604.Lederle FA. Oral cobalamin for pernicious anemia: back from the verge of extinction. J Am Geratr Soc 46:1125-27.
605.Lindeman RD, et al. 2000. Serum vitamin B12, C and folate concentrations in the New Mexico elder health surve: correlations with cognitive and affective functions. J Am Coll Nutr 19:68-76.
606.Mayer G, et al. 1996. Effects of vitamin B12 on performance and circadian rhythm in normal subjects. Neuropsychopharm 15:456-64.
607.Meins W, et al. 2000. Subnormal serum vitamin B12 and behavioural and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:415-18.
608.Moelby L, et al. 2000. Relationahip between methylmalonic acid and cobalamin in uremia. Kindey Int 57:265-73.
609.Pongstaporn W, et al. 1999. Hematological parameters, ferritin and vitamin B12 in vegetarians. J Med Assoc Thai 82:304-11.
610.Silver H. 2000. Vitamin B12 levels are low in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 37:41-45.
611.Sponne IE, et al. 2000. Inhibition of vitamin B12 metabolism by OH-cobalamin c-lactam in rat oligodendrocytes in culture: a model for studying neuropathy due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurosci Lett 288:191-4.
612.Tamura J, et al. 1999. Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 116:28-32.
613.Temple ME, et al. 2000. Homocysteine as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Ann Pharmacother 34:57-65.
614.Watanabe T, et al. 1994. Ultra-high dose methylcogalamin promotes nerve regeneration in experimental acrylamide neuropathy. J Neurol Sci 122:140-43.
615.Yagihashi S, et al. 1982. In vivo effect of methylcobalamin on the periopheral nerve structure in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Horm Metab Res 14:10-13.
616.Hemila H. Vitamin C supplementation and the common cold—was Linus Pauling right or wrong? Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997;67(5):329-35.
617.Davison G, Gleeson M. Influence of acute vitamin C and/or carbohydrate ingestion on hormonal, cytokine, and immune responses to prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005 Oct;15(5):465-79.
618.Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Jul;17(5):379-83.
619.Eguchi M, Miyazaki T, Masatsuji-Kato E, et al. Cytoprotection against ischemia-induced DNA cleavages and cell injuries in the rat liver by pro-vitamin C via hydrolytic conversion into ascorbate. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Oct;252(1-2):17-23.
620.Furumoto K, Inoue E, Nagao N, Hiyama E, Miwa N. Age-dependent telomere shortening is slowed down by enrichment of intracellular vitamin C via suppression of oxidative stress. Life Sci. 1998;63(11):935-48.
621.Loguercio C, Cuomo A, Tuccillo C, et al. Liver p53 expression in patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2003 Jul;10(4):266-70.
622.Yokoo S, Furumoto K, Hiyama E, Miwa N. Slow-down of age-dependent telomere shortening is executed in human skin keratinocytes by hormesis-like-effects of trace hydrogen peroxide or by anti-oxidative effects of pro-vitamin C in common concurrently with reduction of intracellular oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem. 2004 Oct 15;93(3):588-97.
623.Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85-94.
624.Hemila H. Vitamin C supplementation and respiratory infections: a systematic review. Mil Med. 2004 Nov;169(11):920-5.
625.Gorton HC, Jarvis K. The effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing and relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory infections. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999 Oct;22(8):530-3.
626.Hemila H, Douglas RM. Vitamin C and acute respiratory infections. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999 Sep;3(9):756-61.
627.Petersen EE, Magnani P. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of non-specific vaginitis. A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004 Nov 10;117(1):70-5.
628.Salgueiro J, Zubillaga M, Goldman C, et al. Review article: is there a link between micronutrient malnutrition and Helicobacter pylori infection? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Nov 15;20(10):1029-34.
629.Kim HJ, Kim MK, Chang WK, et al. Effect of nutrient intake and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric cancer in Korea: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer. 2005;52(2):138-46.
630.Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Lancet. 2001 Mar 3;357(9257):657-63.
631.Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology. 1992 May;3(3):194-202.
632.Nakata Y, Maeda N. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque morphology in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice unable to make ascorbic Acid. Circulation. 2002 Mar 26;105(12):1485-90.
633.Kim DS, Lee MS, Kim YS, et al. Effect modification by vitamin C on the relation between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20(1):67-71.
634.Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ. Comparative study of the anti-HIV activities of ascorbate and thiol-containing reducing agents in chronically HIV-infected cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6 Suppl):1231S-5S.
635.Muller F, Svardal AM, Nordoy I, et al. Virological and immunological effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Oct;30(10):905-14.
636.Rivas CI, Vera JC, Guaiquil VH, et al. Increased uptake and accumulation of vitamin C in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected hematopoietic cell lines. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):5814-20.
637. Chambers JC, McGregor A, Jean-Marie J, Obeid OA, Kooner JS. Demonstration of rapid onset vascular endothelial dysfunction after hyperhomocysteinemia: an effect reversible with vitamin C therapy. Circulation. 1999 Mar 9;99(9):1156-60.
638.Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. JAMA. 1997 Nov 26;278(20):1682-6.
639.Kinugawa S, Post H, Kaminski PM, et al. Coronary microvascular endothelial stunning after acute pressure overload in the conscious dog is caused by oxidant processes: the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and NAD(P)H oxidase. Circulation. 2003 Dec 9;108(23):2934-40.
640.Tousoulis D, Xenakis C, Tentolouris C, et al. Effects of vitamin C on intracoronary L-arginine dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with stable angina. Heart. 2005 Oct;91(10):1319-23.
641.Katayama Y, Shige H, Yamamoto A, Hirata F, Yasuda H. Oral vitamin C ameliorates smoking-induced arterial wall stiffness in healthy volunteers. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2004;11(6):354-7.
642.Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Munzel T, et al. Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Sep 3;42(5):814-22.
643.Varadharaj S, Steinhour E, Hunter MG, et al. Vitamin C-induced activation of phospholipase D in lung microvascular endothelial cells: Regulation by MAP kinases. Cell Signal. 2006 Sep;18(9):1396-407.
644.Nam CM, Oh KW, Lee KH, et al. Vitamin C intake and risk of ischemic heart disease in a population with a high prevalence of smoking. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Oct;22(5):372-8.
645.Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1508-20.
646.Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jul 16;42(2):246-52.
647.Nyyssonen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. BMJ. 1997 Mar 1;314(7081):634-8.
648.Lopes C, Von HP, Ramos E, et al. Diet and risk of myocardial infarction. A case-control community-based study. Acta Med Port. 1998 Apr;11(4):311-7.
649.Riemersma RA, Carruthers KF, Elton RA, Fox KA. Vitamin C and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5):1181-6.
650.Jaxa-Chamiec T, Bednarz B, Drozdowska D, et al. Antioxidant effects of combined vitamins C and E in acute myocardial infarction. The randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter pilot Myocardial Infarction and VITamins (MIVIT) trial. Kardiol Pol. 2005 Apr;62(4):344-50.
651. Senthil S, Veerappan RM, Ramakrishna RM, Pugalendi KV. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Oct;348(1-2):131-7.
652. Matsumoto H, Inoue N, Takaoka H, et al. Depletion of antioxidants is associated with no-reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol. 2004 Aug;27(8):466-70.
653.Bednarz B, Chamiec T, Ceremuzynski L. Antioxidant vitamins decrease exercise-induced QT dispersion after myocardial infarction. Kardiol Pol. 2003 May;58(5):375-9.
654.Morel O, Jesel L, Hugel B, et al. Protective effects of vitamin C on endothelium damage and platelet activation during myocardial infarction in patients with sustained generation of circulating microparticles. J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jan;1(1):171-7.
655.Gasparetto C, Malinverno A, Culacciati D, et al. Antioxidant vitamins reduce oxidative stress and ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;18(3):487-96.
656. Kato K, Fukuma N, Kimura-Kato Y et al. Improvement of sympathetic response to exercise by oral administration of ascorbic acid in patients after myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 20; [Epub ahead of print].
657. Liu P, Xu B, Cavalieri TA, Hock CE. Age-related difference in myocardial function and inflammation in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Dec;56(3):443-53.
658.Liu P, Xu B, Cavalieri TA, Hock CE. Attenuation of antioxidative capacity enhances reperfusion injury in aged rat myocardium after MI/R. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):H2719-27.
659.Baltalarli A, Ozcan V, Ferda B, et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and iloprost attenuate the lung injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the lower extremities of rats. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006 Jan;20(1):49-55.
660.Eguchi M, Monden K, Miwa N. Role of MAPK phosphorylation in cytoprotection by pro-vitamin C against oxidative stress-induced injuries in cultured cardiomyoblasts and perfused rat heart. J Cell Biochem. 2003 Oct 1;90(2):219-26.
661.Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Cytoprotection of vascular endotheliocytes by phosphorylated ascorbate through suppression of oxidative stress that is generated immediately after post-anoxic reoxygenation or with alkylhydroperoxides. J Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov 1;93(4):653-63.
662. Padayatty SJ, Riordan HD, Hewitt SM, Katz A, Hoffer LJ, Levine M. Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases. CMAJ. 2006 Mar 28;174(4):937-42.
663. McCarty MF. Adjuvant strategies for prevention of glomerulosclerosis. Med Hypotheses. 2006 Jul 5; [Epub ahead of print]
664.Shidfar F, Baghai N, Keshavarz A, Ameri A, Shidfar S. Comparison of plasma and leukocyte vitamin C status between asthmatic and healthy subjects. East Mediterr Health J. 2005 Jan-Mar;11(1-2):87-95.
665. Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and bone mineral status: a cross sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6):1420-8.
666. Katsuyama H, Sunami S, Fukunaga M. Influence of nutrients intake on bone turnover markers. Clin Calcium. 2005 Sept;15(9):1529-34.
667.Gaby AR. Natural remedies for Herpes simplex. Altern Med Rev. 2006 Jun;11(2):93-101.
668.Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Galaris D, Goudevenos JA. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jun 7; [Epub ahead of print]
669.Korantzopoulos P, Kolettis TM, Kountouris E, et al. Oral vitamin C administration reduces early recurrence rates after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation and attenuates associated inflammation. Int J Cardiol. 2005 Jul 10;102(2):321-6.
670.Demirbag R, Yilmaz R, Erel O, et al. The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of dilated cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol. 2005 Aug;21(10):851-5.
671.Freeman LM, Rush JE, Milbury PE, Blumberg JB. Antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Jul;19(4):537-41.
672.Monahan KD, Eskurza I, Seals DR. Ascorbic acid increases cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in healthy older men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Jun;286(6):H2113-7.
673.Bassenge E, Fink N, Skatchkov M, Fink B. Dietary supplement with vitamin C prevents nitrate tolerance. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jul 1;102(1):67-71.
674.Watanabe H, Kakihana M, Ohtsuka S, Sugishita Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the preventive effect of supplemental oral vitamin C on attenuation of development of nitrate tolerance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 May;31(6):1323-9.
675. Johnston CS. Strategies for healthy weight loss: from vitamin C to the glycemic response. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Jun;24(3):158-65.
676. Canoy D, Wareham N, Welch A, et al. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and fat distribution in 19,068 British men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Norfolk cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;82(6):1203-9.
677.Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jul 7;353(1):46-57.
678.Chu YF, Liu RH. Novel low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation model: antioxidant capacity for the inhibition of LDL oxidation. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Nov 3;52(22):6818-23.
679.Nagyova A, Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Horska A, et al. Lipid peroxidation in men after dietary supplementation with a mixture of antioxidant nutrients. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2004;105(7-8):277-80.
680.Cobbold CA, Sherratt JA, Maxwell SR. Lipoprotein oxidation and its significance for atherosclerosis: a mathematical approach. Bull Math Biol. 2002 Jan;64(1):65-95.
681.Ginter E. Ascorbic acid in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975 Sept 30;258:410-21.
682.Hornig D, Weiser H. Ascorbic acid and cholesterol: effect of graded oral intakes on cholesterol conversion to bile acids in guinea pigs. Experientia. 1976 Jun 15;32(6):687-9.
683.Turley SD, West CE, Horton BJ. The role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and in the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1976 Jul;24(1-2):1-18.
684.Kaul D, Baba MI. Genomic effect of vitamin ‘C’ and statins within human mononuclear cells involved in atherogenic process. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;59(8):978-81.
685.Vinson JA, Jang J. In vitro and in vivo lipoprotein antioxidant effect of a citrus extract and ascorbic acid on normal and hypercholesterolemic human subjects. J Med Food. 2001;4(4):187-92
686.Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev. 2005 Aug;26(5):662-87.
687.Dukas L, Staehelin HB, Schacht E, Bischoff HA. Better functional mobility in community-dwelling elderly is related to D-hormone serum levels and to daily calcium intake. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005 Sep;9(5):347-51.
688.May E, Asadullah K, Zugel U. Immunoregulation through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004 Dec;3(4):377-93.
689.van EE, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;97(1-2):93-101.
690.Guillemant J, Le HT, Maria A, et al. Wintertime vitamin D deficiency in male adolescents: effect on parathyroid function and response to vitamin D3 supplements. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(10):875-9
691.Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1678S-88S.
692.Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005 Nov;135(11):2739S-48S.
693.Nowson CA, Margerison C. Vitamin D intake and vitamin D status of Australians. Med J Aust. 2002 Aug 5;177(3):149-52.
694.Brot C, Vestergaard P, Kolthoff N, et al. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish perimenopausal women: relationships to dietary intake, sun exposure and serum parathyroid hormone. Br J Nutr. 2001 Aug;86 Suppl 1S97-103.
695.Lucas RM, Repacholi MH, McMichael AJ. Is the current public health message on UV exposure correct? Bull World Health Organ. 2006 Jun;84(6):485-91.
696.Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002 May;30(5):771-7.
697.Gloth FM 3d, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG Jr, Tobin JD. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA. 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1683-6.
698.Berwick M, Armstrong BK, Ben-Porat L, et al. Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 2;97(3):195-9.
699.Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):842-56.
700.Chel VG, Ooms ME, Popp-Snijders C, et al. Ultraviolet irradiation corrects vitamin D deficiency and suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. J Bone Miner Res. 1998 Aug;13(8):1238-42.
701.Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Jul;289(1):F8-28.
702.Jensen SS, Madsen MW, Lukas J, Binderup L, Bartek J. Inhibitory effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on the G(1)-S phase-controlling machinery. Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Aug;15(8):1370-80.
703. Krishnan AV, Moreno J, Nonn L, et al. Novel pathways that contribute to the anti-proliferative and chemopreventive activities of calcitriol in prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 15.
704.Gedlicka C, Hager G, Weissenbock M, et al. 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D3 induces elevated expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p18 in a squamous cell carcinoma cell line of the head and neck. J Oral Pathol Med. 2006 Sep;35(8):472-8.
705.Lowe L, Hansen CM, Senaratne S, Colston KW. Mechanisms implicated in the growth regulatory effects of vitamin D compounds in breast cancer cells. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;164:99-110.
706.Swami S, Raghavachari N, Muller UR, Bao YP, Feldman D. Vitamin D growth inhibition of breast cancer cells: gene expression patterns assessed by cDNA microarray. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Jul;80(1):49-62.
707.Colston KW, Hansen CM. Mechanisms implicated in the growth regulatory effects of vitamin D in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2002 Mar;9(1):45-59.
708.Yee YK, Chintalacharuvu SR, Lu J, Nagpal S. Vitamin D receptor modulators for inflammation and cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2005 Aug;5(8):761-78.
709.Vojinovic S, Vojinovic J, Cosic V, Savic V. Effects of alfacalcidol therapy on serum cytokine levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2005 Dec;133 Suppl 2:124-8.
710.Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau J,C et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiol Infect. 2006 Dec;134(6):1129-40.
711.Quesada JM, Serrano I, Borrego F, et al. Calcitriol effect on natural killer cells from hemodialyzed and normal subjects. Calcif Tissue Int. 1995 Feb;56(2):113-7.
712.Amento EP. Vitamin D and the immune system. Steroids. 1987 Jan;49(1-3):55-72.
713.Regan E, Flannelly J, Bowler R, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and oxidant damage in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Nov;52(11):3479-91.
714.Henrotin Y, by-Dupont G, Deby C, Franchimont P, Emerit I. Active oxygen species, articular inflammation and cartilage damage. EXS. 1992;62:308-22z
715. Black PN, Scragg R. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest. 2005 Dec;128(6):3792-8.
716.Wright RJ. Make no bones about it: increasing epidemiologic evidence links vitamin D to pulmonary function and COPD. Chest. 2005 Dec;128(6):3781-3.
717.Brody JS, Spira A. State of the art. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, and lung cancer. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006 Aug;3(6):535-7.
718.Sanz J, Moreno PR, Fuster V. Update on advances in atherothrombosis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007 Feb;4(2):78-89.
719.de Ferranti SD, Rifai N. C-reactive protein: a nontraditional serum marker of cardiovascular risk. Cardiovasc Pathol.2007 Jan;16(1):14-21.
720.Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):881-7.
721.Guzik TJ, Mangalat D, Korbut R. Adipocytokines – novel link between inflammation and vascular function? J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;57(4):505-28.
722.Akerblom HK, Vaarala O, Hyoty H, Ilonen J, Knip M. Environmental factors in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Am J Med Genet. 2002 May 30;115(1):18-29.
723.Cutolo M, Otsa K, Laas K, et al. Circannual vitamin d serum levels and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: Northern versus Southern Europe. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Nov;24(6):702-4.
724.Grant WB. Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006 Sep;92(1):65-79.
725.Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5.
726.Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86.
727. Boucher BJ. Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’? Br J Nutr. 1998 Apr;79(4):315-27.
728.Achinger SG, Ayus JC. The role of vitamin D in left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac function. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005 Jun;(95):S37-S42.
729.Dietrich T, Nunn M, wson-Hughes B, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Association between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gingival inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):575-80.
730.Levin A, Li YC. Vitamin D and its analogues: do they protect against cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disease? Kidney Int. 2005 Nov;68(5):1973-81.
731.Grant WB, Strange RC, Garland CF. Sunshine is good medicine. The health benefits of ultraviolet-B induced vitamin D production. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2003 Apr;2(2):86-98.
732.Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;97(1-2):179-94.
733.Garland C, Shekelle RB, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet. 1985 Feb 9;1(8424):307-9.
734.Thomas MG. Luminal and humoral influences on human rectal epithelial cytokinetics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1995 Mar;77(2):85-9.
735.Koren R, Wacksberg S, Weitsman GE, Ravid A. Calcitriol sensitizes colon cancer cells to H2O2-induced cytotoxicity while inhibiting caspase activation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Oct;101(2-3):151-60.
736.Grau MV, Baron JA, Sandler RS, et al. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Dec 3;95(23):1765-71.
737.Holt PR, Bresalier RS, Ma CK, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D alters preneoplastic features of colorectal adenomas and rectal mucosa. Cancer. 2006 Jan 15;106(2):287-96.
738.Brawley OW. The potential for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Rev Urol. 2002;4 Suppl 5S11-7.
739.Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer. 2002 Mar 15;94(6):1867-75.
740.Grant WB. A multicountry ecologic study of risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality. Eur Urol. 2004 Mar;45(3):271-9.
741.Banach-Petrosky W, Ouyang X, Gao H, et al. Vitamin D inhibits the formation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in Nkx3.1;Pten mutant mice. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 1;12(19):5895-901.
742. Tokar EJ, Ancrile BB, Ablin RJ, Webber MM. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and the retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) are synergistic for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. J Exp Ther Oncol. 2006;5(4):323-33.
743.Gross C, Stamey T, Hancock S, Feldman D. Treatment of early recurrent prostate cancer with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Urol. 1998 Jun;159(6):2035-9; discussion 2039-40.
744.Beer T, Lemmon D, Lowe B, Henner W. High-dose weekly oral calcitriol in patients with a rising PSA after prostatectomy or radiation for prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2003 Mar 1;97(5):1217–24.
745.Beer TM, Eilers KM, Garzotto M, et al. Weekly high-dose calcitriol and docetaxel in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):123-8.
746.Trump DL, Potter DM, Muindi J, Brufsky A, Johnson CS. Phase II trial of high-dose, intermittent calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3) and dexamethasone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer. 2006 May 15;106(10):2136-42.
747.Weitsman GE, Koren R, Zuck E, et al. Vitamin D sensitizes breast cancer cells to the action of H2O2: mitochondria as a convergence point in the death pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Jul 15;39(2):266-78.
748. Welsh J. Vitamin D and breast cancer: insights from animal models. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1721S-4S.
749.Christakos S. Vitamin D and breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994;364:115-8.
750.Cui Y, Rohan TE. Vitamin D, calcium, and breast cancer risk: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Aug;15(8):1427-37.
751.Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Mar;16(2):83-95.
752.Vijayakumar S, Boerner PS, Mehta RR, et al. Clinical trials using chemopreventive vitamin d analogs in breast cancer. Cancer J. 2006 Nov;12(6):445-50.
753.Morishita M, Ohtsuru A, Kumagai A, et al. Vitamin D3 treatment for locally advanced thyroid cancer: a case report. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):613-6.
754. Lathers DM, Clark JI, Achille NJ, Young MR. Phase IB study of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) treatment to diminish suppressor cells in head and neck cancer patients. Hum Immunol. 2001 Nov;62(11):1282-93.
755.Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Parker AC, et al. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005 Nov;26(21):2238-44.
756. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;83(4):754-9.
757.Pittas AG, Harris SS, Stark PC, wson-Hughes B. The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in non-diabetic adults. Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb 2.
758.Andjelkovic Z, Vojinovic J, Pejnovic N, et al. Disease modifying and immunomodulatory effects of high dose 1 alpha (OH) D3 in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999 Jul;17(4):453-6.
759.Cantorna MT, Mahon BD. D-hormone and the immune system. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005 Sep;76:11-20.
760.Pozzilli P, Manfrini S, Crino A, et al. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2005 Nov;37(11):680-3.
761.Anon. Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetologia. 1999 Jan;42(1):51-4.
762. Kiefer D. Unraveling a centuries-old mystery. Why is flu risk so much higher in the winter? Life Extension. February, 2007:22-8.
763.Lochner JD, Schneider DJ. The relationship between tuberculosis, vitamin D, potassium and AIDS. A message for South Africa? S Afr Med J. 1994 Feb;84(2):79-82.
764.Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, et al. Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene. J Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;179(3):721-4.
765.Nursyam EW, Amin Z, Rumende CM. The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculous lesion. Acta Med Indones. 2006 Jan;38(1):3-5.
766. Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Coda AB, et al. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest. 2007 Feb 8.
767.Available at: http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0265.shtml. Accessed March 1, 2007.
768.Meletis CD. Vitamin D. Cancer prevention and other new uses. Life Extension. March, 2006:50-58.
769.Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):842-56.
770.Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):288-94.
771.Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):204-10.
772. Zeghoud F, Delaveyne R, Rehel P, et al. Vitamin D and pubertal maturation. Value and tolerance of vitamin D supplementation during the winter season. Arch Pediatr. 1995 Mar;2(3):221-6.
773.Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency: what a pain it is. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1457-9.
774.Adams JS, Fernandez M, Gacad MA, et al. Vitamin D metabolite-mediated hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria patients with. Blood. 1989 Jan;73(1):235-9.
775.Beer TM, Myrthue A. Calcitriol in the treatment of prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 2006 Jul;26(4A):2647-51.
776.Tonner DR, Schlechte JA. Neurologic complications of thyroid and parathyroid disease. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Jan;77(1):251-63.
777.Grases F, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto RM. Renal lithiasis and nutrition. Nutr J. 2006;523.
778.Dumville JC, Miles JN, Porthouse J, et al. Can vitamin D supplementation prevent winter-time blues? A randomised trial among older women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006 Mar;10(2):151-3.
779. Gloth FM, III, Alam W, Hollis B. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J Nutr Health Aging. 1999;3(1):5-7.
780. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May;163(5):805-12.
781.Harris S, wson-Hughes B. Seasonal mood changes in 250 normal women. Psychiatry Res. 1993 Oct;49(1):77-87.
782.McGrath J, Saari K, Hakko H, et al. Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study. Schizophr Res. 2004 Apr 1;67(2-3):237-45.
783.van Os J, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P. The schizophrenia envirome. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;18(2):141-5.
784.100. Kesby JP, Burne TH, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters MK 801-induced hyperlocomotion in the adult rat: An animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 15;60(6):591-6.
785.Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA. 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1957-63.
786.Clark LC, Dalkin B, Krongrad A, et al. Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial. Br J Urol. 1998 May;81(5):730-4.
787.Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Nov 22;164(21):2335-42.
788.Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, et al. Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1219-24.
789.Nomura AM, Lee J, Stemmermann GN, Combs GF. Serum selenium and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:883-7.
790.Brooks JD, Metter EJ, Chan DW, et al. Plasma selenium level before diagnosis and the risk of prostate cancer development. J Urol. 2001;166:2034-8.
791. Lippmann SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009;301:39-51.
792.Gupta S, Narang R, Krishnaswami K, Yadav S. Plasma selenium level in cancer patients. Indian J Cancer. 1994 Sep;31(3):192-7.
793.Duffield-Lilico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, et al. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jul;11(7):630-9.
794.Mark SD, Wang W, Fraumeni JF Jr, et al. Do nutritional supplements lower the risk of stroke or Hypertension? Epidemiology. 1998;9:9-15.
795. Avenell A, Noble DW, Barr J, Engelhardt T. Selenium supplementation for critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD003703.
796.Stewart MS, Spallholz JE, Neldner KH, Pence, BC. Selenium compounds have disparate abilities to impose oxidative stress and induce apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Jan;26(1-2):42-8.
797.Cai QY, Chen XS, Zhu LZ, et al. Biochemical and morphological changes in the lenses of selenium and/or vitamin E deficient rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 1994 Jun;7(2):109-15.
798.Karaküçük S, Ertugrul Mirza G, Faruk Ekinciler O, et al. Selenium concentrations in serum, lens and aqueous humour of patients with senile cataract. Acta Opthalmol Scand. 1995 Aug;73(4):329-32.
799. Naziroglu M, Karaoglu A, Aksoy AO. Selenium and high dose vitamin E administration protects cisplatin-induced oxidative damage to renal, liver and lens tissues in rats. Toxicology. 2004 Feb 15;195(2-3):221-30.
800.McDermott JH. Antioxidant nutrients: current dietary recommendations and research update. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000 Nov-Dec;40(6):785-99.
801. Flohé L. Selenium, seleoproteins and vision. Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:89-102.
802.Dawczynski J, Winnefeld K, Königsdörffer E, et al. [Selenium and cataract – risk factor or useful dietary supplement?] Klin Monatsbl Auenheilkd. 2006 Aug;223(8):675-80.
803.Levander OA, Beck MA, McBride J, et al. Nutrient Deficiency Unleashes Jekyll-Hyde Virus. Agric Res. August 1994;14.
804.Gómez RM, Berría MI, Levander OA. Host selenium status selectively influences susceptibility to experimental viral myocarditis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2001 Apr;80(1):23-31.
805. Juhlin L, Edqvist LE, Ekman LG, et al. Blood glutathione-peroxidase levels in skin diseases: effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(3):211-4.
806. O’Dell JR, McGivern JP, Kay HD, Klassen LW. Improved survival in murine lupus as the result of selenium supplementation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988 Aug;73(2):322-7.
807. Gupta NP, Kumar R. Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility – a preliminary report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002;34:369-72.
808. Vezina D, Mauffette F, Roberts KD, et al. Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men. Effects on semen parameters and micronutrient levels and distribution. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;53:65-83.
809. Rolf C, Cooper TG, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E. Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:1028-33.
810. Agarwal A, Nallella KP, Allamaneni SS, et al. Role of antioxidants in treatment of male infertility: an overview of the literature. Reprod Biomed Online. 2004;8:616-27.
811. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. Third Edition. “Male Infertility.” 2006;1871.
812. Michaelsson G, Edqvist L. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase treatment. Acta Derm Venerol. 1984;64:9-14.
813. Kadrabova J, Maderic A, Kovacikova Z, et al. Selenium status is decreased in patients with intrinsic asthma. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;52:241-8.
814.Karita K, Yamanouchi Y, Takano T, Oku J, Kisaki T, Yano E. Associations of blood selenium and serum lipid levels in Japanese premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008 Jan-Feb;15(1):119-24.
815. Shaheen SO, Newson RB, Rayman MP, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation in adult asthma. Thorax. 2007 Jun;62(6):483-90.
816. Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, et al. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1687-91.
817.Fortex C, Forastiere F, Agabiti N, et al. The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:19-26.
818.Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:81-8.
819.Godfrey JC, Conant Sloane B, Smith DS, et al. Zinc gluconate and the common cold: a controlled clinical study. J Int Med Res. 1992;20:234-6.
820.Al-Nakib W, Higgins PG, Barrow I, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1987;20:893-901.
821.Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, et al. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:245-52.
822.Petrus EJ, Lawson KA, Bucci LR, Blum K. Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical study of the effectiveness of zinc acetate lozenges on common cold symptoms in allergy-tested subjects. Curr Ther Res. 1998;59:595-607.
823.Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, et al. Intake of vitamin C and zinc and risk of common cold: a cohort study. Epidemiology. 2002;13:38-44.
824. Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1202-8.
825.Michaelsson G, Ljunghall K. Patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, acne, psoriasis and Darier’s disease have low epidermal zinc concentrations. Acta Derm Venereol. 1990;70:304-8.
826.Berger MM, Spertini F, Shenkin A, et al. Trace element supplementation modulates pulmonary infection rates after major burns: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:365-71.
827.Pierard-Franchimont C, Goffin V, Visser JN, et al. A double-blinjd controlled evaluation of the sebosuppressive activity of topical erythromycin-zinc comples. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;49:57-60.
828.Feucht CL, Allen BS, Chalker DK, et al. Topical erythromycin with zinc in acne. A double-blind controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980;3:483-91.
829.Schachner L, Eaglstein W, Kittles C, Mertz P. Topical erythromycin and zinc therapy for acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:253-60.
830.Habbema L, Koopmans B, Menke HE, et al. A 4% erythromycin and zinc combination (Zineryt) versus 2%erythromycin (Eryderm) in acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 1989;121:497-502.
831.Dreno B, Amblard P, Agache P, et al. Low doses of zinc gluconate for inflammatory acne. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989;69:541-3.
832.Mchaelsson G, Juhlin L, Ljunghall K. A double-blind study of the effect of zinc and oxytetracycline in acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1977;97:561-6.
833.Ochi K, Ohashi T, Kinoshita H, et al. [The serum zinc level in patients with tinnitus and the effect of zinc treatment]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1997 Sep;100(9):915-9. PMID 9339660.
834.Grahn BH, Paterson PG, Gottschall-Pass KT, Zhang Z. Zinc and the eye. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:106-18.
835.Favennec F, Catros A. [Zinc and seasonal conjunctivitis.] Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1993 Mar;25(3):119-22.
836.Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):134-140.
837.Fung TT, Manson JE, Solomon CG, et al. The association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin concentration in healthy middle-aged women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003;22(6):533-538.
838.Garcia-Plaza A, Arenas JI, Belda O, Diago A, et al. [A multicenter, clinical trial. Zinc acexamate vs famotidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. Study group of zinc acexamate]. [Article in Spanish]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1996;88:757-62.
839.Atik OS. Zinc and senile osteoporosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983;31:790-1.
840.Hyun TH, Barrett-Connor E, Milne DB. Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:715-21.
841.Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994;124:1060-4.
842. Barceloux DG. Zinc. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37:279-92.
843.Lagiou P, Wuu J, Trichopoulou A, et al. Diet and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a study in Greece. Urology. 1999 Aug;54(2):284-90.
844.Prasad AS. Clinical, biochemical and nutritional spectrum of zinc deficiency in human subjects: an update. Nutr Rev. 1983;41:197-208.
845.Krause, M, Mahan L. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, ed 7. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984.
846.Harrap GJ, Saxton CA, Best JS. Inhibition of plaque growth by zinc salts. J Periodontal Res. 1983;18:634-42.
847.Tamura M, Ochiai K. Zinc and copper play a role in coaggregation inhibiting action of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Feb;24(1):56-63.
848.Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994;124:1060-4
849.Agren MS. Studies on zinc in wound healing. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1990;154:1-36.
850.Yang XD, Wang JP, Kang JB, et al. [Comparison of the efficacy and safety of compound carraghenates cream and compound carraghenates suppository in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids]. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2005 May;8(3):220-2.
851.Zhong YS, Yao LQ.Usage of titanoreine after procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2005 Jul;8(4):319-21.
852.land, Jeffrey S. et al. Clinical Nutrition: A Functional Approach, Institute for Functional Medicine Inc. Gig Harbor, WA 1999.
853.Blostein-Fujii A, DiSilvestro RA, Frid D, Katz C, Maladey W. Short-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on plasma 5-nucleotidase activities insulin-like growth factor I concentrations and lysoprotein oxidation rates in vitro. Am K Clin Nutr. 1997; 66(3):639-642. Zinc lozenges reduce the duration of common cold symptoms. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55(3):82-85.
854.French RJ, Jones PJ. Role of vanadium in nutrition: metabolism, essentiality and dietary considerations. Life Sci. 1993;52(4):339-346.
855.Garrison R, Somer E. Nutrition Desk Reference. 3rd ed. New Canaan, Conn; Keats Publishing; 1995.
856.Goldfine AB, Simonsine DC, Folli F, Patti MC, Kahn, CR. Metabolic effects of sodium metavanadate in humans with insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80(11):3311-3320.
857.Kremer JM, Bigaouette J, Nutrient intake of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is deficient in pyridoxine, zinc, copper and magnesium. J. Rheumatol. 1996; 23(6):990-994.
858.Lewis CG, et al. The effect of various levels of fructose in a copper-deficient diet on Cu deficiency in male rats. Br J Nutr 1990 Mar;63(2):P 387-95.
Murray M. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Publishing: 1996.
859.Neilsen FH, Gallagher, et al. Effect of dietary boron on mineral estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASB J 1, 394-397, 1987.
860.Zeigler EE, Filer LJ, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 1996.
861.Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992 Aug 19;268(7):877-81.
862.Stanger O, Herrmann W, Pietrzik K, et al. Clinical use and rational management of homocysteine, folic acid, and B vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. Z Kardiol. 2004 Jun;93(6):439-53.
863.Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 24;337(4):230-6.
864.Tyagi SC. Homocysteine redox receptor and regulation of extracellular matrix components in vascular cells. Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2 Pt 1):C396-C405.
865.Taha S, Azzi A, Ozer NK. Homocysteine induces DNA synthesis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by a hydrogen peroxide-independent mechanism. Antioxid Redox Signal. 1999;1(3):365-9.
866.Kartal ON, Negis Y, Aytan N. Molecular mechanisms of cholesterol or homocysteine effect in the development of atherosclerosis: Role of vitamin E. Biofactors. 2003;19(1-2):63-70.
867.Zeng XK, Guan YF, Remick DG, Wang X. Signal pathways underlying homocysteine-induced production of MCP-1 and IL-8 in cultured human whole blood. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005 Jan;26(1):85-91.
868.Zeng XK, Remick DG, Wang X. Homocysteine induces production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in cultured human whole blood. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004 Nov;25(11):1419-25.
869.Auer J, Berent R, Lassnig E, Eber B. C-reactive protein and coronary artery disease. Jpn Heart J. 2002 Nov;43(6):607-19.
870.Higuchi M, Castelli JB, Aiello VD, et al. Great amount of C.pneumoniae in ruptured plaque vessel segments at autopsy. A comparative study with stable plaques. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000 Feb;74(2):149-51.
871.Sacks FM, Moye LA, Davis BR, et al. Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial. Circulation. 1998 Apr 21;97(15):1446-52.
872. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Distribution of lipids in 8,500 men with coronary artery disease. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jun 15;75(17):1196-201.
873.Voutilainen S, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, et al. Enhanced in vivo lipid peroxidation at elevated plasma total homocysteine levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 May;19(5):1263-6.
874.Sainani GS and Sainani R. Homocysteine and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular disease. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 May;50 Suppl16-23.
875.Laaksonen R, Janatuinen T, Vesalainen R, et al. High oxidized LDL and elevated plasma homocysteine contribute to the early reduction of myocardial flow reserve in healthy adults. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Nov;32(11):795-802.
876.Shatrov VA, Brune B. Induced expression of manganese superoxide dismutase by non-toxic concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) protects against oxLDL-mediated cytotoxicity. Biochem J. 2003 Sep 1;374(Pt 2):505-11.
877. Scaramella JG. Hyperhomocysteinemia and left internal jugular vein thrombosis with Meniere’s symptom complex. Ear Nose Throat J. 2003 Nov;82(11):856, 859-60, 65.
878.Sauls DL, Wolberg AS, Hoffman M. Elevated plasma homocysteine leads to alterations in fibrin clot structure and stability: implications for the mechanism of thrombosis in hyperhomocysteinemia. J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Feb;1(2):300-6.
879.Ebbesen LS, Christiansen K, Ingerslev J. Hyperhomocysteinemia due to folate deficiency is thrombogenic in rats. J Nutr. 2003 Jul;133(7):2250-5.
880.Al-Obaidi MK, Philippou H, Stubbs PJ, et al. Relationships between homocysteine, factor VIIa, and thrombin generation in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2000 Feb 1;101(4):372-7.
881. Khajuria A, Houston DS. Induction of monocyte tissue factor expression by homocysteine: a possible mechanism for thrombosis. Blood. 2000 Aug 1;96(3):966-72.
882. Derbeneva SA, Pogozheva AV. Homocysteine as a coronary risk factor. Vopr Pitan. 2003;72(5):43-8.
883.Debreceni L. Homocysteine—a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Orv Hetil. 2001 Jul 8;142(27):1439-44.
884.Magott M. Homocysteine as a nonlipid factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 1998;52(3):259-67.
885. Lentz SR, Sadler JE. Inhibition of thrombomodulin surface expression and protein C activation by the thrombogenic agent homocysteine. J Clin Invest. 1991 Dec;88(6):1906-14.
886.Hayashi T, Honda G, Suzuki K. An atherogenic stimulus homocysteine inhibits cofactor activity of thrombomodulin and enhances thrombomodulin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blood. 1992 Jun 1;79(11):2930-6.
887.Tribouilloy CM, Peltier M, Iannetta Peltier MC, et al. Plasma homocysteine and severity of thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. Chest. 2000 Dec;118(6):1685-9.
888.Lentz SR, Rodionov RN, Dayal S. Hyperhomocysteinemia, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk: the potential role of ADMA. Atheroscler Suppl. 2003 Dec;4(4):61-5.
889. Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA. 1997 Jun 11;277(22):1775-81.
890. Rasouli ML, Nasir K, Blumenthal RS, et al. Plasma homocysteine predicts progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Jul;181(1):159-65.
891.Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Mar 1;27(3):517-27.
892.Anon. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23;288(16):2015-22.
893.Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygard O, Vollset SE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:31-62.
894.Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, et al. Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994): population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Sep 7;131(5):331-9.
895.Mann NJ, Li D, Sinclair AJ, et al. The effect of diet on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy male subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Nov;53(11):895-9.
896.Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Blazicek P, Kopcova J, Bederova A, Babinska K. Homocysteine levels in vegetarians versus omnivores. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(3):135-8.
897.Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, et al. The associations between smoking, physical activity, dietary habits and plasma homocysteine levels in cardiovascular disease-free people: the “ATTICA” study. Vasc Med. 2004 May;9(2):117-23.3811.
898.Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 Jan;18(1):133-8.
899.O’Callaghan P, Meleady R, Fitzgerald T, Graham I. Smoking and plasma homocysteine. Eur Heart J. 2002 Oct;23(20):1580-6.
900.Hopkins PN, Wu LL, Hunt SC, et al. Lipoprotein(a) interactions with lipid and nonlipid risk factors in early familial coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997 Nov;17(11):2783-92.
901. Hackam DG, Peterson JC, Spence JD. What level of plasma homocyst(e)ine should be treated? Effects of vitamin therapy on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with homocyst(e)ine levels above and below 14 micromol/L. Am J Hypertens. 2000 Jan;13(1 Pt 1):105-10.
902. de Jong SC, Stehouwer CD, van den BM, et al. Normohomocysteinaemia and vitamin-treated hyperhomocysteinaemia are associated with similar risks of cardiovascular events in patients with premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A prospective cohort study. J Intern Med. 1999 Jul;246(1):87-96.
903.Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Twisk JW, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Feb 12;355(9203):517-22.
904.Schnyder G, Roffi M, Flammer Y, Pin R, Hess OM. Effect of homocysteine-lowering therapy with folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 on clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention: the Swiss Heart study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):973-9.
905. Liem AH, van Boven AJ, Veeger NJ et al. Efficacy of folic acid when added to statin therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia following acute myocardial infarction: a randomised pilot trial. Int J Cardiol. 2004 Feb;93(2-3):175-9.
906. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):565-75.
907.Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline (1998). US Dept. of Agriculture.
908. Subar AF, Block G, James LD. Folate intake and food sources in the US population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Sep;50(3):508-16.
909.Tucker KL, Mahnken B, Wilson PW, Jacques P, Selhub J. Folic acid fortification of the food supply. Potential benefits and risks for the elderly population. JAMA. 1996 Dec 18;276(23):1879-85.
910. McNulty H, Pentieva K. Folate bioavailability. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004 Nov;63(4):529-36.
911.Oakley GP, Jr. Eat right and take a multivitamin. N Engl J Med. 1998 Apr 9;338(15):1060-1.
912.Durga J, van Tits LJ, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Verhoef P. Effect of lowering of homocysteine levels on inflammatory markers: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jun 27;165(12):1388-94.
913.Lewerin C, Matousek M, Steen G, et al. Significant correlations of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonic acid with movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects but no improvement from short-term vitamin therapy: a placebo-controlled randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1155-62.
914. Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Clarke R, et al. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 May 23;165(10):1167-72.
915. Robinson K, Arheart K, Refsum H, et al. Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group. Circulation. 1998 Feb 10;97(5):437-43.
916.Vermeulen EG, Rauwerda JA, van den BM, et al. Homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 lowers urinary albumin excretion but not plasma markers of endothelial function or C-reactive protein: further analysis of secondary end-points of a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;33(3):209-15.
917.Vermeulen EG, Stehouwer CD, Valk J, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B on cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and white matter abnormalities as determined by MRA and MRI: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;34(4):256-61.
918.Bernstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;585:250-60.
919.Bendich A, Cohen M. Vitamin B6 safety issues. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;585:321-30.
920. Olthof MR, Verhoef P. Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health. Curr Drug Metab. 2005 Feb;6(1):15-22.
921. Steenge GR, Verhoef P, Katan MB. Betaine supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5):1291-5.
922. Holm PI, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, et al. Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Feb;25(2):379-85.
923. Olthof MR, Vliet TV, Verhoef P, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PLoS Med. 2005 May;2(5):e135.
924. da Costa KA, Gaffney CE, Fischer LM, Zeisel SH. Choline deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):440-4.
925.Troen AM, Lutgens E, Smith DE, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. The atherogenic effect of excess methionine intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15089-94.
926.Olszewski AJ, McCully KS. Fish oil decreases serum homocysteine in hyperlipemic men. Coron Artery Dis. 1993 Jan;4(1):53-60.
927.Moller JM, Nielsen GL, Ekelund S, Schmidt EB, Dyerberg J. Homocysteine in Greenland Inuits. Thromb Res. 1997 May 15;86(4):333-5.
928.Nonaka H, Tsujino T, Watari Y, Emoto N, Yokoyama M. Taurine prevents the decrease in expression and secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase induced by homocysteine: amelioration of homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by taurine. Circulation. 2001 Sep 4;104(10):1165-70.
929. Ali A, Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, et al. Modulatory impact of cardiac rehabilitation on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with coronary artery disease and “normal” lipid levels. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 15;82(12):1543-5.
930. Zeisel SH, Mar MH, Howe JC, Holden JM. Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5):1302-7.
931. Morris MS, Fava M, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Depression and folate status in the US population. Psychother Psychosom. 2003 Mar;72(2):80-7.
932.Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;69(2):228-32.
933.Fava M, Borus JS, Alpert JE, et al. Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;154(3):426-8.
934. Passeri M, Cucinotta D, Abate G, et al. Oral 5′-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in senile organic mental disorders with depression: results of a double-blind multicenter study. Aging (Milano.). 1993 Feb;5(1):63-71.
935. Coppen A, Bailey J. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2000 Nov;60(2):121-30.
936.Godfrey PS, Toone BK, Carney MW, et al. Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate. Lancet. 1990 Aug 18;336(8712):392-5.
937.Kado DM, Karlamangla AS, Huang MH, et al. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):161-7.
938.Ellinson M, Thomas J, Patterson A. A critical evaluation of the relationship between serum vitamin B, folate and total homocysteine with cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2004 Aug;17(4):371-83.
939.Scott TM, Tucker KL, Bhadelia A, et al. Homocysteine and B vitamins relate to brain volume and white-matter changes in geriatric patients with psychiatric disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;12(6):631-8.
940.Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Sep;82(3):636-43.
941.McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13;350(20):2042-9.
942.van Meurs JB, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Pluijm SM, et al. Homocysteine levels and the risk of osteoporotic fracture. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13;350(20):2033-41.
943. Morris MS, Jacques PF, Selhub J. Relation between homocysteine and B-vitamin status indicators and bone mineral density in older Americans. Bone. 2005 Jun 8.
944. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Mar 2;293(9):1082-8.
945.Nakano E, Taylor CJ, Chada L, McGaw J, Powers HJ. Hyperhomocystinemia in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Nov;37(5):586-90.
946.. Gurbuz A, Karateke A, Mengulluoglu M. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004 Nov;87(2):165-6.
947.Stover PJ. Physiology of folate and vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jun;62(6 Pt 2):S3-12.
948. Seddon JM, Gensler G, Klein ML. Evaluation of plasma homocysteine and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jan;141(1):201-3.
949.available at: www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/11942690.htm. Accessed June 21, 2005.
950.Brien S, Lewith G, Walker A, Hicks SM, Middleton D. “Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004 Dec;1(3):251-257.
951.Brien S1, Lewith G, Walker AF, Middleton R, Prescott P, Bundy R. “Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.” QJM. 2006 Dec;99(12):841-50.
952.Chobotova K1, Vernallis AB, Majid FA. “Bromelain’s activity and potential as an anti-cancer agent: Current evidence and perspectives.” Cancer Lett. 2010 Apr 28;290(2):148-56.
953.Dhandayuthapani S1, Perez HD, Paroulek A, Chinnakkannu P, Kandalam U, Jaffe M, Rathinavelu A. “Bromelain-induced apoptosis in GI-101A breast cancer cells.” J Med Food. 2012 Apr;15(4):344-9.
954.Hale LP1, Greer PK, Trinh CT, Gottfried MR. “Treatment with oral bromelain decreases colonic inflammation in the IL-10-deficient murine model of inflammatory bowel disease.” Clin Immunol. 2005 Aug;116(2):135-42.
955.Maurer HR1. “Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use.” Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45.
956.Pavan R1, Jain S, Shraddha, Kumar A. “Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review.” Biotechnol Res Int. 2012;2012:976203.
957.Pillai K1, Akhter J, Chua TC, Morris DL. “Anticancer property of bromelain with therapeutic potential in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.” Cancer Invest. 2013 May;31(4):241-50.
958.Secor ER Jr1, Shah SJ, Guernsey LA, Schramm CM, Thrall RS. “Bromelain limits airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of established asthma.” Altern Ther Health Med. 2012 Sep-Oct;18(5):9-17.
959.Walker AF1, Bundy R, Hicks SM, Middleton RW. “Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults.” Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):681-6.
960.Loiselle M, Anderson KW. The use of cellulase in inhibiting biofilm formation from organisms commonly found on medical implants. Biofouling. 2003 Apr;19(2):77-85.
961.Dale Kiefer. Promoting optimal nutrition with digestive enzymes. Life Extension Magazine. 2008 January.
962.Glade MJ, Kendra D, Kaminski MV Jr. Improvement in protein utilization in nursing-home patients on tube feeding supplemented with an enzyme product derived from Aspergillus niger and bromelain. Nutrition. 2001 Apr;17(4):348-50.
963.Iwasaki T, Hayashi K, Funatsu M. Purification and characterization of two types of cellulase from trichoderma koningi. J Biochem. 1965 Apr;57:467-77.Title
964.G. Canevascini, D. Fracheboud, H. Meier. Fractionation and identification of cellulases and other extracellular enzymes produced by Sporotrichum (Chrysosporium) thermophile during growth on cellulose or cellobiose. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1983. 29(9): 1071-1080, 10.1139/m83-165.
965.Roxas M. The role of enzyme supplementation in digestive disorders. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Dec;13(4):307-14. Review.
966.Horvath K, Papadimitriou JC, Rabsztyn A, Drachenberg C, Tildon JT. Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder. J Pediatr. 1999 Nov;135(5):559-63.
967. Treem WR, Ahsan N, Sullivan B, Rossi T, Holmes R, Fitzgerald J, Proujansky R, Hyams J. Evaluation of liquid yeast-derived sucrase enzyme replacement in patients with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. Gastroenterology. 1993 Oct;105(4):1061-8.
968.David Wolfson, ND, Stephen Olmstead, MD, Dennis Meiss, PhD, Janet Ralston, BS. Making Sense of Digestive Enzymes (PDF). Klair Labs. 2008.
969.Laugier R, Bernard JP, Berthezene P, Dupuy P. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion. 1991;50(3-4):202-11.
970.Karani S, Kataria MS, Barber AE. A double-blind clinical trial with a digestive enzyme product. Br J Clin Pract. 1971 Aug;25(8):375-7.
971.Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G, Cavataio F, Lorello D, Greco L, Soresi M, Notarbartolo A. Pancreatic enzyme therapy in childhood celiac disease. A double-blind prospective randomized study. Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Dec;40(12):2555-60.